School Development Planning Process | Research Study

give lessons Development Planning Process Research StudySchool Development Planning is an on-going knead that helps disciplines as complex communities to meet the dual chall(a)enge of enhancing quality and managing channelise. (DES, 19999, Online).In recent years instills started giving more thought to how the be after and heed of change need to be interpreted more into account and carefully course of studyned. Decentralisation, a common characteristic of quite a few of the national cultivational systems worldwide such as the USA, Canada, England and Wales (Anderson, 2005) and in Malaysia, Honk Kong, Singapore, China and Korea has opened doors to increase and feelingiveness in take aims (Bolam, 200677). Over the years, the education scene in Malta has too witnessed a paradigm shift from an requisitely centralised system to ane that encourages self-goernment. hotshot of the most effective implications of this shift is that of a opinionated and whole trail approa ch to development plan enhancing freedom and allowing institutions to shape the possibilities provided by not bad(p)er autonomy (Lumby, 2007a86). Moreover, Bush and Coleman, (2006) argue that, placed in a competitive environment, self-managing develops reach to meet the students needs efficiently if they are to contribute to survival and success. While increasing autonomy (Karstanje, 1999), self-managing coachs are encouraged to shoulder more responsibilities and promote their suffer identity and character. One of the most beneficial implications of this shift is that a School Development Plan (SDP) can be tailored by the same naturalise.Considering that, the Maltese Education Authorities are at present discussing at length the abut and the instruction execution of a national reform in the education system, the upshot seriously appears to be of great interest. This field of operations may be evaluate to serve as an eye-opener to the strengths and weaknesses of the SDP macrocosm currently implemented at St.Helen Girls vicarious School. Consequently, the study might be envisaged to be an asset to the school, before it actually starts to negotiate the tailoring of a new SDP as allow for be suggested in the education reform to take place.The purpose of this study is to investigate the SDP as an effective tool to enhance estimate and collegiality among the teaching rung and to promote proceeds among the learners. The lit review shall briefly justify the need for and the mental process of development planning in relation to what literature has to say ab by the field of operation. Furthermore, the following investigate questions allow be discussed and analysed, mainly What is the magnificence of a SDP to the school? How is the planning process carried out? Who is snarly in the planning process? Is the SDP opening doors to school advancement? After conducting a cuticle study through qualitative and quantitative research, an analysis provid e emerge, based on a questionnaire distributed to teachers and an open-ended converse with the gallery of School. The research findings will be analysed and compared to the literature findings.Finally, suggestions will emerge in respect to what can be done in pose to evaluate, maintain and/or change what has been done during the past seven years since development planning has started to be organised in an official way at St.Helen Girls lower-ranking School.lit ReviewIntroductionAll schools should have a flock of where they hope to go and what they hope to strive. This implies that a school plan should aim at take the whole school corporation in the direction for improvement and growth. With its insistence on schools to have their own SDP, the Maltese National Minimum Curriculum (NMC) came into effect on the 1st of October 2000. hobby is a brief description of the SDP both as a process as well as a product. It examines the concepts of development, improvement, collegiality a nd appraisal through effective planning.What is the importance of a SDP to the school?A school without planning is like a boat without a rudder. We cannot achieve goals unless we plan ways and means of getting there. (Bezzina, 199958)In order to keep on course, schools require a clear sense of direction, expressed in vision and mission statements and aims and objectives, as well as an effective strategic plan and good efficient action plans (DES, 1999, Online). The SDP can be a great asset to the school in various ways. Bezzina claims that ithelps in giving the school a sense of directionestablishes aims and prioritiesidentifies the needs to be done in order to bring about improvementidentifies mental faculty needsmonitors the effectiveness of the teaching- learnedness processevaluates the success of the changes do, and implements any changes to the planning cycle (199935).The SDP is a means whereby the vision, believed by Jenkins to be the strategic intent which guides planning (199138), is transformed into reality through clear priorities, targets and actions. It is an instrument, through which schools are able to articulate their needs and also their priorities (Ministry of Education, 200114). Moreover, it is meant to indicate the institutions capacities and limitations and thus open doors to school improvement. An incline publication defines the SDP in thatIt will be based on the schools analysis of current levels of performance, its assessment of how current trends and future concomitantors may impact on the school and set out priorities and targets for improvement for the period ahead. (DOE, 20051, Online).This implies that the concept underpinning a SDP is that each school would undertake, on an on-going basis, a limited number of small-scale development projects, which the staff identifies as significant priorities. The SDP has at its heart the learning of all students while raising standards of attainment. It is a process of learning and growth f or all those gnarly in it. Moreover, it allows schools to organise their programmes of innovation and change with much greater efficiency and success (Hargreaves and Hopkins, 1991).Furthermore, the SDP is highly beneficial for schools since it is maneuvered out by those who put their heads together in a common effort to develop a realistic strategy as to how the educational goals are to be reached (NMC85).How is the process of School Development Planning carried out?The School Development Plan Initiative (SDPI) in Ireland considers the Mission, Vision and Aims of the plan to be the core of the SDP process (DES, 199916, Online). As depicted by Hargreaves and Hopkins (1991), Bezzina (1999) and Nathan, a SDP is made up of four stages, mainlyAudit when the school analyses its strengths and weaknesses and assesses its own needsPlanning and decision making generation and evaluation of optionsImplementation putting the plan into action, and rating checking the success of implementati on and reviewing targets(199661)This entails that the SDP works in a cycle. Furthermore, the SDPI suggests three features through which the SDP is accomplished, mainly throughInitiation where the school decides to embark on school development planning,ensuring that there is loading to it among members of staff and preparing for participation.Familiarisation when the school union is learning how to carry out the whole process.Embedding when school development Planning stimulates part of the school life and of the normal way of doing things at school.(DOE, 1999, Online).The Irish Document (1999) further argues that the SDP process needs to be systematic, collaborative, ongoing, progressive, enhancing and flexible to work properly. It therefore involves a systematic approach to the planning work, which draws the whole school community together in shaping the schools future. This needs to be an on-going process, rooted in a school finish where policies and plans are continuously bei ng developed, implemented, evaluated and revised according to the schools aims and the changes which continuously take place in the community. It is also flexible since it offers a framework for collaborative creativeness and each school is free to adopt the framework to suit its own particular needs.Who is convoluted in the planning process?Nathan (1996) maintains that, to a large extent, the work entailed in the school plan is performed by the cutting edge of school and the SMT. However, Bradley (1988) argues that a partnership in which people work together will lead to the successful achievement of their goals. This is also depicted in an English publication. The written document highlights parental, pupil and staff involvement in the planning process as one of the factors that will help schools achieve high standards and improve the quality of learning and teaching (DOE, 20056, Online). Through partnership, the educational needs will be identified and action will be taken ac cordingly (DES, 199915, Online). Bradley (1988) further claims that partnerships are encouraged when they are willing to yield to some of their autonomy. Their sense of joint ownership strengthens and encourages partnership and is prolonged beyond the planning process into the actual implementation of the activity.Parent participation is fall uponn as very important in schools. According to Braithwaite (1994) 22 Actions are involved in the Australians SDP process, among which is parental involvement. The NMC (2000) claims that parents should be seen as partners in the education of their children, so much that it believes in site-based curriculum development, where teachers and administrators can work alongside with parents and the local community to be able to respond to the needs of that particular school. In explaining how a shared vision is achieved, Lumby (2007a89) holds that notwithstanding the principal leading the planning process, all staff should share in the re-creation and adjustment of vision. Furthermore, Jenkins considers staff involvement as the most useful part of the planning process (199138) in not only when arriving at plans but also in raising the chances of their successful implementation (Lumby, 2007a98). While being a threshold to school improvement, Newton and Tarrant declare that Evaluation needs the co-operation of the whole disposal to be effective and accurate. (199233).Is the School Development Plan opening doors to school improvement?Bush and Coleman say it quite scarce The origins of school development planning lie in the move towards school improvement and effectiveness (200675). The SDP enables the school community to develop a clear vision of what the school is about and where it is going, a shared sense of purpose, a common set of goals and consensus on the means of achieving them. It characterises the school as a learning organisation that focuses on meeting the professional needs of teachers in order to meet the educat ional needs of pupils. The Irish National Progress Report 2002, states that This focus is essential if SDP is to achieve its core purpose school improvement. (DES, 200355, Online).As seen by Law and Glover (2000), school improvement is the result of a three-stage process establishing targets, planning to attain them and last monitoring and evaluating them. Moreover, studies conducted by Gray et al. lead an improving school to be measured and defined as one that increased in its effectiveness over time (1999137).It is also worth mentioning that, an English publication states that Appraisal should throw development planning and vice versa. (DES1991) According to Jones (199312), improvement in the teaching and learning is guaranteed when appraisal is considered an integral part of the SDP. Likewise, through their research, Horne and Pearce maintain that integrating appraisal into the SDP resulted in a way of improving the quality of education for the pupils and of raising standards ( 199662). One reason to which Davies attributes an ineffective school is to the teachers lack of punctuality resulting from a low motivation that keeps the teachers lingering in the staffroom till the last minute (199435). This implies that lack of appraisal may lead to low motivation in teachers, which in turn will result in ineffectiveness.Furthermore, in discussing the issue about strategic planning, Sergiovanni compares the handed-down with the Alternative rule of planning. He suggests that the latter brings about school improvement in that it emphasizes first the means appraising people involved, then the ways allowing them to see what needs to be done, and finally the ends in that they themselves will decide on and attain aims (200995).ConclusionDalin and Rust believe thatA good school is one which itself learns it is a learning school, a living institution that changes in order to remain an institution that stimulates learning. (19967)This implies that, the changes that ta ke place in a school, must support the preservation of what has worked well in that school, to be able to give it stability and reputation. The schools SDP is a means of implementing change. It must, in the process, provide a way of dealing in effect with new developments so as to image school improvement whereby, all stakeholders are empowered to make decisions and engage in planning their own educational future.InvestigationIntroductionThe first part of this section presents the aim and objectives of this study. Some methodological considerations are then examined. Subsequently, the research instruments are considered. Finally, this section gives an account of the respectable framework considered, the school context, the procedure and the data analysis apply.The Aim and Objectives of this ResearchThis research was undertaken in an attempt to investigate the effectiveness of the process of school development planning of the school under consideration. Also, the research project has more specific objectives, mainly to investigatethe importance of a SDP to the schoolhow the process is carried outwho is involved in the planning processwhether the SDP is opening doors to school improvement.Methodological ConsiderationsThere are two approaches to academic research that can be adopted by a researcher quantitative and qualitative (Bell, 2008 Briggs and Coleman, 2007). In this study, an educational case study (Bassey, 2007142) was used, conducted through both qualitative and quantitative research. According to Bassey, one of the strengths of case study research is that it is carried in its natural context it entails being where the action is (2007143). The case study is aimed at improving educational action (Bassey, 2007142) and which has theory seek and theory testing as an end point (Basset, 2007147). This leads to a theoretical structure that not only provides sound data and limits assumptions but also attempts to tantalization out why a situation is good, bad or mediocre (Bassey, 2007154).In this research project, an interview with the Head of School was carried out in order to seek insights rather than statistical perceptions of the world (Bell, 20087). One should say that the major advantage of qualitative approach is adaptability (Bell, 2005157) as it emphasises direct human experience. On the other hand, the major disadvantage is that it is time-consuming and generalisation is much more limited (Bell, 2005157).In an attempt to take advantage from the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative approaches, Triangulation is used to cross-check findings (Bell, 2005116). In this manner, the findings are compared in order to determine the accuracy of information (Bush, 2007100) rendering them more reliable.The Research Instruments used for Data collectionThe query with the Head Teacher (HT)An approximately one hour-long unstructured interview was carried out with the HT. Although it takes a great deal of time to analyse, the unst ructured interview was deemed best for this research as the interviewee is free to talk about what is of central significance (Bell, 2005 Ribbins, 2007). The interview consisted of ten questions aimed to elicit detailed information about the HTs personal view of the SDP, how the process is managed and who is involved to participate and whether the SDP is opening doors to school improvement (see Appendix 1). The face-to-face interview (Ribbins, 2007212) served as a means of getting the real feelings of the HT, regarding the content, the process and the implementation of the SDP.The Teachers QuestionnaireQuantitative research was also used in a questionnaire consisting of ten closed statements and one open-ended question (see Appendix 2). In order to discern a group which is as representative as possible (Bell, 2005), stratified sampling was used (Fogelman and Comber, 2007). In fact, the questionnaire was distributed to eighteen teachers one teacher from every subject being taught. The respondents were asked to tick one of three options Yes, No, or Do not know. Statements 1-8 were think to investigate positive perceptions on the SDP while statements 9 and 10 were intended to bring to light any negative perceptions, if any. Moreover, an open-ended question was set in order to give the respondents the opportunity to give their personal views on SDP matters at school. This question placed each teacher in a position to reflect and answer freely, thus reducing the interviewer effects regarding emotionality and free reception (Cohen et al., 2000).Procedure and Ethical ConsiderationsAn appointment was made with the HT of St.Helen School (a pseudonym used to maintain confidentiality) and the date for the interview was agreed. Permission to carry out the research was informal, repayable to the fact that the investigation was carried out in ones own institution. The interview with the HT was carried out onsite (Busher and James, 2007110) and in the Heads office. At t he beginning of the interview, the Head of school was shown the set of questions prepared for the interview as well as other relevant material that proved the interview was required for the research. Though very time-consuming to transcribe, the interview was recorded to ensure data collection and maintain eye contact with the interviewee (Bell, 2005). The HT was given assurance of confidentiality.It is also worth mentioning that the questionnaires were anonymised so as to assure protection to the participants. Moreover, the respondents were made sensible of what the research was about and also of its purpose (Bell, 2005156) (see Appendix 2). Consent for answering the questionnaires was granted freely and without force.The School ContextThe investigation was carried out at St. Helen Girls Secondary School one of the 22 church schools on the island operating at secondary level. A profile of the school is given in the Table below.ST.HELEN GIRLS standby SCHOOL PROFILEYear founded199 9Secretary ClerkAffiliationChurchLibrarianStudent AdmissionFeederAreaCounsellorStudent tribe364Guidance TeacherNumber of Classes15Spiritual DirectorAverage Class size24 rustic Care TeamNo. of jockstrap Heads2Discipline TeamTeaching Staff37P.T.A.Classroom Support Staff4Student CouncilAncillary Staff3Eco School CouncilTable 1 School ProfileConclusionThis section has served the purpose of describing and giving an explanation for the methodology used in carrying out this research back up with all the necessary ethical issues arising from the same research. Following is an analysis of the findings that emerged from the investigation.AnalysisIntroductionThis section includes the significant features that emerge from the Teachers Questionnaire as well as the Head Teachers Interview. Both research tools were based on the following research questions What is the importance of a SDP to the school? How is the process of development planning carried out? Who is involved in the planning proce ss? Is the SDP opening doors to school improvement? The presentation and discussion of the findings that follow, aim at providing answers to these questions.Presentation of Findings Teachers QuestionnaireThe questionnaire, consisting of ten statements and one open-ended question was distributed to 18 teachers. All questionnaires were collected. Following are the results for statements 1-10 of the questionnaire.Open-ended questionThe teachers questionnaire ended with an open-ended question asking the respondents to comment in general about the SDP at their school. scarcely 6 (33.3%) out of 18 respondents answered this question. Four respondents agreed that the SDP is of utmost importance both for the teaching staff as well as for the students improvement. They claim that at their school, the SDP is discussed thoroughly most especially during the Staff Development Days. However, they argue that it is hardly mentioned during the rest of the scholastic year. Another respondent states that more time should be allocated to see if everything planned has been carried out, and if not, why. Similarly, another respondent argued that the SDP should be more carefully monitored and evaluated, and that while it is frequently very cautiously planned, however, it is not adequately implemented.The Head Teachers InterviewFollowing is a summary of the Head Teachers responses to the Interview (see Appendix 1).The Head Teacher (HT) of the school under investigation holds that the SDP conducted since 2002 plays a very important role in the life of every school. Asked about who is involved in the process, the HT mentioned various stakeholders. Regarding the process, the HT states that it takes place in unlike stages. The difficulties encountered during the process are time and the staffs interest and cooperation. However, since the latter has become an annual process, nearly all teachers help in formulating objectives and action plans. The HT declares that the SDP definitely prov ides a framework for evaluation and improvement otherwise it will be of no value. Finally the HT expressed her hopes that the SDP will lead to open wide the doors to school improvement.Analysing the FindingsThe following section is an attempt to go into the main concerns and interests raised during research. After being collected and classified, the research findings will be discussed and analysed in relation to the research questions and compared to the literature review.What is the importance of a SDP to the school?As shown in Table 2, all 18 teachers interviewed consider the SDP as important to their institution. Moreover, in an attempt to answer the open-ended question at the end of the questionnaire, one teacher claims that the SDP is of utmost importance both for the teaching staff as well as for the students improvement. As suggested by Bezzina (1999), another teacher claims that the SDP is important to enhance the students potential and that it must be used to tackle all the ir needs. While Bezzina acknowledges that a SDP encourages team effort (199937), the Irish document holds that it is a great benefit to the whole school community (DES, 1999, Online). Similarly, the HT holds thatIt is a great opportunity to enhance teamwork, collaboration and collegiality among the whole school community, that is, the Senior Management Team, the staff, the students and their parents, and all those who rightly give their share. (Interview with HT).Also, this implies that the style of leadership of the HT at St.Helen is participative (Coleman, 2005a18), as the issue of decision-making is shared with other stakeholders. Moreover, the HT confirms what is suggested in the DES document (1999, Online), mainly that the SDP gives the teachers a sense of direction as They all know what the school is after (Interview with HT).Who is involved in the process?Bezzina claims that A SDP calls for a co-ordinated effort, a belief in each others worth, and a sincere willingness to wor k together to achieve set goals (199936) Similarly, Lumby maintains that even though the principal may lead in the process, all staff is responsible for the recreation and adjustment of vision on a daily basis (2007a89). This is evident at St.Helen, so much that the HT mentions the following as stakeholders Staff Members, P.T.A Members, Ladies Circle, the School Handyman, Parents, Students Council and Students. Moreover the participation of groups such as the Pastoral Team, The Green/Eco-School Team and Discipline Team is encouraged. The HT claims that, All these groups give their contribution. Different meetings are held with different groups on different topics they all do their utmost to achieve goals. (Interview with HT)Teachers meshAlthough The Principal plays a prominent role in the leadership and management of the planning process (DES, 199926, Online) 83.3% of the questionnaire responses claim that teachers participation is encouraged in the planning process. Researchers li ke Bush and Coleman (2006) and Lumby (2007b) hold that the involvement of staff might cause difficulties. However, Early (2007) maintains that staff involvement in becoming increasingly important for school success. Moreover, the above mentioned Irish document states that The whole-hearted participation of the teaching staff is crucial to the success of the planning process and that the whole staff should be energeticly involved to enable all members of staff to participate in discussion and decision-making (DES, 199927, Online). In fact, 55.6% of the responses show that the teaching staff is committed to the SDP.Also, this implies that the staff should be made alert of what the SDP is, why it is inevitable and how it is to be organised. If not, there will be the risk of having staff members who are uninterested, sceptical of the whole process and determined to resist change (Lumby, 2007b97). In fact, this might be the case with a couple of teachers who joined the school only rec ently and who in the questionnaire (11.1%) expressed their doubt whether the SDP is threatening to the school or not, while another (5.6%) does not know whether or not the SDP is an added burden to the school (see Table 11). This implies that while the rest of the respondents (94.4%) are rooted in the three features constituting the SDP process (DOE, 1999, Online), these newly recruited teachers are not.According to the HT, the teachers are called in for SDP consultation through questionnaires and also on Staff Development Days. In rise to power to this, some teachers volunteer to work together in teams and in collaboration with the SMT in order to analyse audit results as well as to order and draw strategic plans (Interview with HT). The response of 83.3% of the respondents shows that at St.Helen teacher participation is quite evident. Nevertheless, the HT feels that some teachers still need to be reminded to give their contribution. Also worth mentioning is the fact that, once a month or twice in a term, the HT holds subject meetings with teachers in order to sustain continuity and on-going monitoring (Interview with HT).Parent ParticipationEpstein (1992) states that parental involvement is an asset to their childs education in that the school equips them with the necessary tools to help them. While learning more about educational programmes they also get familiar with how the school functions. The NMC also holds that parents or guardians should be involved as partners in their childrens education (NMC 199931). Although this idea is confirmed by the HT, however it is not so in style with 44.4% of the teachers who have doubts as to whether or not the SDP has brought about greater parental involvement (see Table 8). This also implies that the teachers at St.Helen are not yet embedded with parental involvement in the SDP process (DOE, 1999, Online).Student ParticipationThe HT believes that feedback from students is an essential input to the school (Interview with HT) so much that Hargreaves holds that they play an active role in implementing the plan and have an interest in the outcomes (198917). This implies that the students are to be involved throughout the whole process. This is likely so at St.Helen where the SMT takes into great consideration any suggestions proposed by the student council especially when they have to do with any aspect of the SDP. Also, a questionnaire is distributed annually to the students so as to ascertain their views (DES, 1999, Online).How is the process of development planning carried out?The HT gave very vivid and clear explanations of how the school goes about the process of development planning. As expressed in the Irish document (DES, 1999, Online), the HT maintains that it takes place at different stages, mainly at three Staff Development Days together with monthly afternoon staff meetings. On such days, the teachers are grouped according to their subject, interest or specialisation, and so they are m ore motivated to contribute to the discussions which usually focus on the strengths and weaknesses of the targets implemented. From these elements, decisions are taken as to what the school will be tackling as aims. Moreover, these meetings offer the SMT and the Staff an ideal opportunity to audit and evaluate progress. Furthermore, the HT asserts that, speakers who are authority on different subjects as well as Personnel from the Education Department also give their contribution during these meetings.Most of the teachers feel a sense of ownership and commitment when carrying out the SDP tasks assigned to them. This emerges quite plainly in the questionnaire with 83.3% of the respondents considering the SDP to be an on-going process while 55.6% believing that the school community is motivated to implement plans.According to the HT, the SDP establishes a clear programme to follow it defines targets, implements strategies, time limits, necessary resources and evaluation procedures. Si milar to what Hargreaves and Hopkins (1991), Nathan (1996), Bezzina (1999), the Irish document (DES, 1999, Online), and Bush and Coleman (2006) suggest, the HT identifies four main processes to SDP in St.Helen, mainly, the Audit, Construction, Implementation and Evaluation. This implies that St.Helen Girls Secondary is meeting the standards that are required by the SDP.Is the SDP opening doors to school improvement?Sammons, Khamis and Coleman state that The normal measurement of effectiveness is usually to do with better than expected academic outcomes (2005137). Consequently, 77.8% of the questionnaire responses show that the SDP promotes improvement among students. Following are three positive outcomes in addition to the acquisition of examination results (Ouston, 1999176) and as elicited from the HTs interview, in which the process to SDP implemented at St.Helen proves to be fruitful in being effective and in bringing about improvement.Improving the attitude towards LiteratureLit erature is delight is one of the target-titles listed for implementation in this years SDP. The HT argues that after finding that Literature and Culture of Languages was weakening, the management provided a Literature Room, which h

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Confed should make their customer recognise that if the education is expensive it doesnt matter later on it has many advantages and benefits. Confed should deliver the advantage that a student will get by studying in the U.K.Confed should conduct different campaign for example beatifying university town, this will make a good reputation of confed. They should be participating in social activities.Daewoo PakistanSammi Corporation was set up as forest products importer in 1954 but has expanded its business to become a dynamic trading company in Korea. From the 1950s, Sammi has been challenging the world market with a great emphasis on conforming to international requirements for the tim ely delivery of top-grade industrial products, such as Stainless steel, Coated steel, automotive parts, Wood products various raw material.Daewoo is a bus service introduced by Sammi cooperation, Daewoo is a bus service which covers almost all the cities of Pakistan. The journey of Daewoo is very relaxing, thriving and is always on time. Now a days Sammi Daewoo is very popular for traveling in Pakistan. Here we will discuss about three major cities Peshawar, Rawalpindi and Lahore and how can Daewoo improve its services.RecommendationsReservation of Daewoo is made by phone. They should start a service by which there customers can make booking online or through their mobile phones. Sometimes the operator is busy and may not receive call so they should introduce new way of booking of seats on Daewoo that is online booking and through mobile phones. This will save time for their customers and will be much easier.They should give monthly cards to their regular customers worth Rs 2000 and the follow should be deducting from the card automatically. And should also give them discounts.They should also give donations to charitable trust. This is very good for overall reputation of the company.They should launch VIP busses for the executive class and should make the service different than normal routine. For example the menu should be different.Bussed traveling from Peshawar to Lahore should take the route of motorway from Peshawar usually the bus passes through noshera which takes a lot of time.Daewoo should offer snacks in between the journey.P.9 explain the principles and process of campaign management including (Communication goals, situation analysis, Campaign objectives, Strategies and Budget allocation)Goals of communicationThe main goal of business communication is to influence, to control our audiences responses in the way we had intended, so that we can fulfill certain aims for ourselves and our organizations. Effective business communication, of course, results in our eliciting the response we desire both in the short term, such as having our audience obey an order, and in the long term, such as having our audience continue to follow the spirit of the policy. Secondary goals such as self-expression, social relationships, and career advancement also involve producing change in knowledge, attitude, or action. With all these complicated variables going on in the communication process, no wonder communication is imperfect.Situation analysisWhen analysis of the organization as it is at the moment and how it may develop in the future, is important. The analysis has to be executed at an internal level as well as an external level to identify all opportunities and threats of the external environment as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the organizations. in that respect are too many factors internal and external to the firm which includes in situation analysis but some of the important contexts are given below.Historical contextIndu stry analysisMarket analysisCompetitorHistorical contextAll situations are unique, it is important to know how the firm arrives at the current situation. For compaign plan we should know about the history of the company including mistakes and success and conclusiveness that take in past.Industry analysisIn industry some factors affect the character and growth in an industry i-e technology, regulations, economic conditions and social factor. In industry we have to identify that, is there any cut down of that product or service? Does customer wants to avail it or not?. We should find out what is unique going on another side. We cannot ignore trends in an industry, no matter in what business we are.Market analysisthither are different factors that affect decision making. The effect of external environment is inescapable in all areas of marketing.There are different types of customer. and Each type o customer have their own attitude towards product and process of decision making so wh ile making campaign we have to keep in eye all of our different types of customers.CompetitorsWe cannot ignored antagonists strategies while campaign plan. Its not same(p) to follow each other strategies but have to make different, unique and more effective strategy compare to competitor.Campaign objectivesSome of the important objectives of campaign are given below.New customer acquisition.Ensure a strong level of public awareness, understanding and support.Revenue.It raises the awareness of decision making,Cross-selling and bundlingchurn prevention and managementIt also helps in feedback. Youll receive valuable tips, suggestions and leading during your referral interviewsStimulate the trends of investment etc.StrategiesStrategy is mechanism by which something is to be done. There are infinite numbers of strategies. Developing marketing campaign can do around these three phasesConduct your own market research.Focus on one or two positions which, based on your research, look like a good fit for you.Create a position thats right for you in a company where you feel comfortable and motivated.BudgetingThe most important and difficult step or context is budget the monetary resource, time and human resource for your campaign. There are different methods which usually get follow are given below.Percentage of sales approach is a simple but inexperienced way to deal with issue.Unit of sales approach that portion outs funds on a per-unit base rather than percentage of sales basis.In the share-of-market approach the activities of key competitors are factored in to the budget setting process.A funds available approach is used when firms are strapped for cash and need to cover be and preserve profitability.Tasks for P10For this labor movement you mustDiscuss the importance of integrate and cost-effective campaign.Use appropriate techniques to develop a cost effective and integrated campaign, consider relative costs of various promotional techniques, product life cyc le considerations, strategies that can be adopted by firms, positioning strategies, barriers to integrationThe most important factor of integrated is to control of the promotional process allows for more synergy activity among each of the communication program elements. It also helps organization to arrange a convenient for clients to prepare all promotional efforts with one agency and agencies with IMC capabilities can create a single image for the client. The importance of cost-effective campaign is giving a high society line to marketing department that promotional pith reaches youre intended and targeted audience and also message is understood by audience and the message stimulates the recipients and they take action. whatsoever communications campaign must have clear, measurable objectives. This is true whether the campaign is designed to communicate product benefits or to support an event. In order to achieve these objectives, a campaign requires careful planning. There are eight main stages to consider, from defining the target market to setting a budget and schedule. (Steel, Jon, 2010)The most important factor of integrated is to control of the promotional process allows for more synergy activity among each of the communication program elements. It also helps organization to arrange a convenient for clients to coordinate all promotional efforts with one agency and agencies with IMC capabilities can create a single image for the client.Asses our marketing communicationIt is important in this first step to examine and understand the needs of our target market. Our target markets are the students who want to go abroad for their higher studies.What communication channels will use?In the beginning we place billboards honorable the colleges, schools, and universities and the other thing we distribute our pump flits to different students and keep the help desk of Confed in different colleges and universities.ObjectivesOur objectives in a promotional campa ign are slightly different from our marketing campaign. Our Promotional objectives are stated in terms of long-term behaviors people are having been exposed to your promotional communication. These objectives must be clearly stated, measurable, and appropriate to the phase of market development.Promotion MixIn this step we will need to allocate resources among sales promotion, advertising, publicity, and of course personal selling. Dont skimp on either of these areas. We must create awareness among our buyers in order for our promotional campaign to succeed.Promotional subject matterIn this step we will need to sit down with our team and focus on the content, salute, structure, format, and source of the message. We should keep in mind our promotional campaigns appeal and execution and also objectives.Product life cycleConfed overcome the consultant name as ICAS. ICAS was the good consultants but it never capture the market quite of this Confed in the start was not that much good then it highly advertise their service and to promote their business more they launch an HND which is the good opportunity for the students wants to go abroad and want to study the business. Now a days its in a stage of growth.confedStrategyConfed standard is good, meaning they installs the multimedia for lectures, a/cs to create the better environment for the students, But there is something slightly missing in it that now they have to advertise more and more in these days because in these days admissions are open at U.K and also in Pakistan and the other thing is to create their management effective which attracts the parents.P.11 present promotion recommendations in the form of a promotion planSituational analysisDaewoo Pakistan service was established in 1997 with a new kind of service for traveling and tourism. They have routes to all over Pakistan by providing the relaxing and refreshing service to their customers.Company AnalysisRecently they are the largest land travel prov ider in Pakistan. Daewoo has bus terminal with complete range restaurants, cargo service, and travel service. The main goal of the company is to leave on time and get to destination on time. As Daewoo is an international company but this company has indirect competitors which are private busses and the new Motorway Express which tries to compete with Daewoo.Customer AnalysisToday customers are becoming sensitive in terms of traveling and food, many people wish to travel safe, comfortable, on time with reasonable price, airlines are providing this kind of service but the price is high, Daewoo is providing the same service which the people of Pakistan wished.Competitor AnalysisDaewoo Pakistan is the leader in bus service they dont have a direct competitor but if we consider the indirect competition, there are lots of busses which are trying to get the customers providing a comfortable travel but they dont have on time delivery and safe travel. About a year ago the new travel service h as been introduced by the name of motorway express, but this company is in introduction stage which provides the routes from Peshawar to Islamabad and Rawalpindi.P12 Discuss briefly are the criteria for measuring promotional techniques effectualness.How would you verse the campaign effectiveness in this scenario?There are many ways through which we can measure the promotional techniques effectiveness. Different companies use different ways to measure their promotional activities. The companies follow up to measure their promotional techniques are following areas.measure effectiveness of advertisingMeasuring effectiveness of sales promotionMeasuring effectiveness of personal sellingMeasuring the effectiveness of advertisingTo check the number of enquiries from advertising. If the advertising is strong so automatically the sales of the company will be very good. When the sales are there means that the advertising goals have been accomplished. To check the customer awareness before a nd after the advertising campaign. Number of request for further sales means that the advertising campaign was very strong and more awareness is there in-between the consumers. Levels of repeated sales also show the effectiveness of advertising. To assess the effectiveness of advertising campaign, you can monitor sales, new customer requests for information, phone inquiries, and response from the retailers.Measuring the effectiveness of sales promotionThe company must take the feedback of their customers regularly. A sales promotion is constructed to inform customers about the new product. This is possible by advertising in newspaper, and other Medias explaining the product and inviting customers to visit their websites for coupon offers. An activity like this can be measured by tracking the number of people visiting the website. Besides coupons another promotion techniques is price discounting such as 50% discount offer, buy one get one free, reducing cost is a sure way to motivate customers to buy the product.M5 memorialise in which situations do u think your recommended techniques may not workThe recommendation I have given they may not work in the following conditions.We have suggested that we should distribute flyers in different seminars but because of security reasons usually seminar get cancelled, due to which we can face problems.It may affect the image of company while giving discounts.To offer the service of booking Daewoo seats through sms or internet can be costly.If there are not enough funds so the organization will not be able to advertise their product in a proper manner.Lack of human resources resource can be the possible reason of not meeting the required goals.Lack of communication between the staff can also affect the overall business of the Confed.The managers of the organization should keep check on the staff. If the manager is not competent the organization can suffer.If there is political instability the organization might not be succ essful to achieve its required goals.The organization might not have enough funds to allocate them into other activitiesM6 Develop the budget for the promotion planTo develop a budget for the promotion plan is a very technical part. We need to allocate out finances in such a way that we can get full benefit out of it by utilizing minimum finances. A budget planed at the beginning of the year and is followed end-to-end the year.As we are introducing a new product which is a mineral water at the beginning it will need lots of advertising so that people come to know about the product. We are going to make our promotional plan as followsWe will advertise our product in news papers which will cost us about 30,000rs.We will advertise our product on television by giving a contract to an ad agency to make an attractive ad so that the consumers get attracted to it by watching that ad on the television. This can take about 50,000 to 80,000.We will distribute free samples to different retaile r which can cost about 4,000rs per retailer.We will make poster, brushers and distribute them in every possible area where people can see then easily. This will also take about 20, 000rs of our finances.We will hire a bill board in a main area, near traffic signal, so that on red light people can see our advertisement. This will cost us about 50,000 to 80,000 per month.M.7 Develop the communication goals through DAGMAR approach.DAGMAR is called (Defining Advertising Goals for Measured Advertising Result)It is an approach to advertising planning and a method for selecting goals and to use those goals to measure performance. It is intend to create awareness, impart information, to develop attitude.There are four stages of DAGMAR approach which is discussed belowAwareness This model is used to aware the customers of the existing brand of a company.Comprehension To make consumers understand the physical exertion of the product.Conviction (Persuasion) to persuade the consumers to buy th e product.Action To get the consumers to purchase the product.Characteristics of advertising objectives in DAGMAR approachThere are four characteristics of DAGMAR approach which are discussed belowWell Defined Objectives The objectives should be cleared, it should be measurable and specific, and these objectives should be communicated to Copywriters and marketer specialists who develop the advertising message and it will help them to select the specific message for advertisement. Measurable objectives will help for effectiveness of advertisement.Benchmark and Degree of change sough Benchmark is to target the audience in communication model. It means to know how many target audience are at the stages of communication model. It is must to know the number of target audience who are at awareness stage and at persuasion stage.Well defined target audience The advertising message should well define to the target audience. It is must to know the person gnarled in each stage of communicatio n. Like some audience are at understanding stage and some are target audience and perchance some are at persuasion stage.Specified time period The time period of advertising should be specified for achievement of objectives. Most of companies congeal the time period from months to year period it depends on situation and degree of change sought. If a companys objective is to increase brand awareness than it can be done in short time through mass media. But if objective of the company is increase the understanding and persuasion of branch loyalty than it takes time.D5 Show how your promotion plan activities will be planned, managed and organized.We can plan and manage our promotional activities as followWe will divide the task amongst our employees so that each and every task is done in a proper manner. Like this there wont be a burden on one person.For advertising on television we have to look up in best advertising agency, do that they can make our ad more attractive.We will gave our products on much more discounted rates then our competitorsWe will provide our product to different Hotels, restaurants so that more people consume our product.Also take feedback from our customer that how we may improve our product.

Toe Caps :: essays research papers

TOE CAP USE IN INDUSTRY IS UNSAFEToe caps hinder more than help when worn as industrial personal protective equipment. These cup-like covers designed to wear over dress shoes are made of hard reinforced plastic and/or steel. They were raffishly adopted as a quick fix to derriere protection in response to the July 5, 1994 OSHA 1910.136 Foot Protection ruling. This standard states that all hazards in the work must be identified. Employees and visitors must wear appropriate personal protective equipment to protect against these hazards. A misunderstood concept continues to thrive throughout industry promoting the hallucination that because toe caps cover toes the same as safety shoes, they provide the same level of protection. This is not true. They are unstable, painful and create as many hazards as they are supposed to protect. If the cap fit is loose, shifting from side to side, safety and protection is severely compromised. A female vendor visiting the maintenance plane section was asked to wear toe caps. Even after choosing the beautifulest toe caps available, the vendor had difficulty keeping the caps in place on the front of her size-six shoes. She managed a few palpitant step before the cap on her right shoe swung left causing her to trip over her own foot. The scene was reminiscent of a small child wearing his or her mothers over-sized high heels. Yes, it is possible to walk, but the whole experience is unsteady and unsafe. Protective footwear must stomach unencumbered movement in the work environment. On-site contractors work in various environments requiring multiple physical challenges including climbing up and down steep steps and ladders. Most often, the largest of toe caps are too small on an average contractors shoes. Not only is the fit very uncomfortable, but the caps compact the tip of their shoes, and extend dangerously out in a Bozo-the-Clown flip-flop fashion. This very poor footing makes it dangerous to complete even the simplest of everyday functions. The discipline Safety Council wrote in their Foot Protection pamphlet that in order for foot protection to function properly, it must be the right size for your foot and not hurt. Recently, executives visited the Owings Mills site and requested a tour of the manufacturing facility. They were given universal fitting toe caps to wear. After a few minutes, the executives abruptly end the tour stating the caps were not only ruining their shoes, but also cutting into the tops of their feet.

Ancient Greek Health Theories: Understanding the Melancholic Mean in Aristotelian Problema XXX.1 :: Philosophy Medicine

Ancient Greek Health Theories Understanding the Melancholic Mean in Aristotelian Problema XXX.1ABSTRACT In ancient Greek theories of wellness, it was the equal balance or mixing of the humors or elements (i.e., the isonomic mean) that comprised the ideal healthy state. In the Aristotelian Problema XXX.1, however, there is a description of a form of somber constitution that is both 1) itself characterized as a mean, and 2) thought to lead to intellectual outstandingness. This is theoretic entirelyy problematic since the melancholic constitution was by definition a constitution in which there was a natural preponderance of black bile. Thus, there appear to be ii incompatible means that atomic number 18 descriptive of the ideal in ancient Greek medicine the isonomic mean that underlies the ideal healthy state, and the melancholic mean that describes the melancholic who is capable of greatness. This paper attempts to understand the melancholic mean as described in Problema XXX.1 by considering the two different but related models of this mean that are suggested in the text. A reconciliation of the two somatic ideals is argued for on the basis of what else is verbalize in the Problema, as well as ideas found in the Hippocratic work Airs, Waters, Places and other Aristotelian Problemata.Why is it that all those who have become eminent in philosophy or politics or poetry or the arts are clearly of an atrabilious temperament, and some of them to such an extent as to be affected by diseases caused by black bile, as is said to have happened to Heracles among the heroes? (Problemata XXX.1 953a10-14) (1) So begins the Aristotelian Problema XXX.1. Why indeed The atrabilious temperament or melancholia is, according to Aristotle, a natural disposition in which there is a preponderance of black bile over the other humours. The healthy somatic ideal, however, was conceived by Greek medical theorists as the equality of the humours, either with respect to their measuring s tick or their relative strengths (quality) disease was by definition an excess of one of the humours or elements. If the ideal state with respect to the humours was equality or isonomic proportion, but all those who have become eminent in philosophy or politics or poetry or the arts... be melancholics, then which state is the ideal health or melancholia?The explicit association of melancholia with genius is found for the first time in this Problema. The author was working within a long tradition that joined the ideal state with a mean.

Duplicitous Characters in Othello :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello

Duplicitous Characters in Othello   Many of the characters in Shakespeares tragedy, Othello are duplicitous to the extent that how they are perceive in public is not how they be keep in private. This is not always intentional, although with a character such as Iago, it is difficult to encounter the real someone as his entire life is an act. Othello is seen as a brave and loyal soldier, but is initially presented as dark and dangerous by Roderigo and Iago. To Brabantio, Othello appears to have blacken magical powers, but in fact, the private truth is that Othello won Desdemona with stories of disastrous chances ... moving accidents and hair-breadth scapes. Othello is concerned with his reputation and upholds a strict code of honour twain privately and publicly. He dismisses Cassio as soon as he discovers his officers drunken actions. Similarly, as soon as he suspects Desdemona of adultery, Othello watches her like a hawk. Finally, the act of cleansing his wife is not an act of revenge for Othello, but of justice. He justifies his actions She must die, else shell betray more men. Emilia initially believes that he killed Desdemona for no case as Desdemona has appeared innocent to her throughout. It is difficult to judge Iagos private morality against his public face. Firstly, his public face varies depending with whom he is speaking. Secondly, analysing Iagos private morality is challenging when he appears to have no morals in the first place. Iago is jealous of many people for various, often unjustifiable, reasons, yet at the same time is known to most as honest Iago and is their apparent friend. He appears to be loyal to Othello, helping him to discover his wifes infidelity, but concurrently is plotting against Othello. It is again difficult to determine Iagos public face as he is always acting and his face depends on his company. He has no qualms about embroiling innocent parties in his plans. Iago can act as Desdemonas friend when Othello leave s her in his charge and then Iago turns around and plants seeds of suspicion in Othellos mind about her fidelity. While Desdemona appears to be all that is good to the audience, it must be remembered that she betrayed her fathers trust when she married Othello and she later lied to her husband about the handkerchief which was to become so important. To Othello, Desdemona appears to be that cunning whore of Venice.

Master Harold vs No Exit Essay -- Literary Analysis, Sartre, Fugard

The setting of a play is extremely vital. It could a bound of symbolism, foreshadowing, or it can come to the characters in the play. The is exactly the case in both No Exit by Jean-Paul Sartre and Master Haroldand the boys by Athol Fugard. The setting in both plays contain of unmatched room that mainly consists of three major characters. The setting has an enormous daze on the behavior of the characters. The time period in which both plays are form also effect the style of writing and the characters. No Exit has an existentialist style of writing were as Master Haroldand the boys was written in the apartheid era of sec Africa. Both books have similar settings, but also involve many dissimilarity.The breaker point directions and the dialogue of the characters tell the audience that the play is set in genius room. The number of characters that are going to be represented in the play are seen in the first scene. In the beginning of No Exit the stage directions show the audienc e the room. A drawing-room in Second Empire style (Sartre 3). This tells the reader that the play is in a one room set. Then were to stay by ourselves, the three of us (Sartre 10). One of the characters, Inez, is stating the fact that only three people are to reside in the room. This will create some tension, because No Exit is based on hell. The whole idea of hell to everyone is that it comes with a demon figure that is suppose to torture everyone. The racks and red-hot pincers and all the different paraphernalia? (Sartre 4). This is the regular hell, but in Sartres point of view hell is something different. He believes that hell is other people. This is where the setting comes into play. Sartre puts the three different personalities in the same room to turn th... ...e to the question is obvious. This reveals the idea of bias between characters. Sam and Willie now both want to injury Hally, while Hally has injured Sam. In this play, Sam and Willie are against Hally, and in No Exi t by the end Garcin is trying to impress Inez and Estelle is left alone. The setting also has a major impact on the audience. The one room forces the audience to be more attentive to the entrance and exits of the characters. Since the audience is familiar with the set by the end of the first scene, they can focus more on the dialogues and the stage directions. The audience is more involved in a play when the set is not changed. The audience can indeed interpret the literary elements of the play. Also in the case of Master Haroldand the boys, Fugard had to move the play around South African ghettoes. This made the transportation easy and efficient.

Schizophrenia :: Schizophrenics Psychiatry Disorder

Schizophrenia is not a single disease, but a broad category of mental illnesses. Schizophrenia is a psychiatry disorder where several(prenominal) structural disturbances occur in the brain. It normally takes place in the temporal and frontal lobes, changing the neural systems and affecting the neurotransmitters in charge of controlling the function that takes place in these areas. It is not a structural brain disease that dooms up early on X-rays CAT scans, or EEGs. Schizophrenics also have defects in the handling of amino acids.Schizophrenia usually affects men while they are young and women later in their lives. Schizophrenia often starts out very easily and progresses to a severely disabling mental illness. Early Schizophrenics tend to experience spontaneous dream like episodes with material that resembles art, myth poetry, and B-movies. Many Patients also show negative symptoms, such as decreased emotional arousal, mental activity, and social drive. Schizophrenia is often conf used with split personality, but it is not the same, Though in reality schizophrenia means split mind. Many scientists believe there are four grammatical cases of schizophrenia. First of all there is the simple or undifferentiated type, which is characterized by a gradual reduction in the external relations and interests. Next there is the hebephrenic or disorganized type, it is characterized by delusions and erroneous perceptions. Then there is the catatonic type in which there is a state of inactivity and striking motor skills. Last there is the paranoid type which usually arises later in life, which is associated with illogical thinking, delusions of persecution ,or of grandeur. While these four specific types have not been universally accepted, it is the approach most commonly accepted by most psychiatrists.Schizophrenia crosses all socioeconomic, cultural, and racial boundaries. Different theories of the beginning of schizophrenia have centered on anatomical, biochemical, psy chological, social, genetic, and environmental cause. The general view is that the schizophrenic types of reply result from faulty adjustments to a variety of underlying conditions that may be either physical or psychological, or both. Treatments for schizophrenia may include renew food with ENF, fortified with higher than usual intake of vitamins such as B1, B3, B6, B12, and mineral intake.