Othello protagonist Essay

The protagonist of the play, Othello is a man trapped by his own weaknesses rather than a victim of circumstance. Even though the situations that Othello finds himself in are not ideal and contribute to his downfall, it is his own fatal flaws that end up destroying him. In act 3 scene 3 Iago starts to plant a seed of doubt in Othello’s mind about his wife Desdemona and her infidelity. Iago proceeds to ask Othello, â€Å"Did Michael Cassio, when you wooed my lady, know of you love? † This question immediately causes Othello to become suspicious. Iago then follows with a series of rhetorical questions that enrage Othello as well increase the doubt that is building up in his mind. By the end of this scene we see one of Othello’s weaknesses present itself, jealousy. This particular flaw becomes one of the major contributions to Othello’s downfall. By the end of the play jealousy has clouded his judgment and taken over his perspective on everything. At first Othello insists that he needs proof of the alleged affair but quickly changes his mind. â€Å"Must be to loathe her. O curse of marriage.Act 4 scene 1, Iago informs Othello that Desdemona and Cassio have slept together and he has seen that she has given Cassio the handkerchief Othello gave her when they first fell in love. All this news that Iago keeps telling him sends Othello off into a rant, â€Å"Is’t possible? – Confess? Handkerchief? O devil! †After this his falls into a trance. This is the moment when all Othello’s insecuriti es, fears and aversions as well as the obvious lack of judgment that a leader is assumed to have combine to create this kind of epileptic fit. In this scene stage directions are used to help the reader understand what is going on for a dramatic effect. Two of Othello’s flaws that cause this downfall are passion and gullibility. These feelings enabled Iago fill his head with lies that caused him to get so worked up that he lost control. In act 5 scene 1 Iago had convinced Othello that he would kill Cassio and that Othello had to kill Desdemona. Othello begins this scene with a soliloquy, reflecting and attempting to justify his decision to kill her. Othello refers to Desdemona as light. â€Å"Put out the light and then put out he light†. So sweet we ne’er so fatal. †Othello describes how she was so sweet but her actions caused so much pain. Before he kills her, Othello makes sure she has prayed or confessed so that she will go to heaven. â€Å"I will not kill thy unprepared spirit. †Othello’s blind faith in Iago is the flaw that leads all his other weaknesses to rise to the surface an d in the end the inevitable happens. Othello, once a great man, falls. Desdemona speak for one last time in the play. â€Å"A guiltless death I die. † This quote enforces the reality of what has just taken place. This innocent woman was a victim because of another man’s weakness. In this play it is clear what jealousy and misguided trust can do to a person. These weaknesses, along with others, are the reason for Othello’s downfall. Each flaw produced another weakness or doubt. The fact that Othello was manipulated to be part of Iago’s plan for revenge only accelerated the speed of his demise. The fatal mix of passion, jealousy, insecurity as well as how easily he could be manipulated caused Othello to be a man snared by his own weaknesses.

Community Colleges Essay

Does everyone that attends community colleges know the role of them? Most people don’t know the achievement gaps or knows the importance of them. Many teens today are so excited about attending college the last decision on their mind is commuting. This is because most are ready for the dorm life, freedom, and partying. Education does cross their mind, but other times it isn’t until the hard work kicks in. This also goes for charter schools. Charter schools and community colleges are very beneficial and helpful. The two are very similar when it comes to academic reasons. Today many people work hard to close achievements gaps for people coming from high and low income families who want a better education. Many people face obstacles due to family income. Whether it’s high or low income, children fight for available educational opportunities. Everyone deserves a chance at being successful and achieving goals. It is said to be that people living in poverty won’t have the same benefits as others living on the â€Å"brighter side†. People that live on the brighter side have easier chances at getting successful. This refers back to school system, and how education is involved. (1st link) The education law center stated that the Christie administration has been moving too slow. It is suggested that they build more schools for children in struggling cities. Recently, the state of Department of Education failed to move as quickly as they should, now there are many different ranges of requests for many school repairs and fix other things in some of the poorest cities. Charter schools are very different from schools such as private and public schools. In Newark, children are grouped by ages consisting children five and younger that live in poverty. Schools are trying to help these children. Charter schools are private schools that give everyone a chance. For example, in the book Outliers, KIPP was a middle school that Marita attended. KIPP was a middle school that has a high standard of academic conduct and achievement. The success of this school is continuous with its low-income students. These students end up going to college in overwhelming numbers. (2ndlink) Gladwell has questions children being given the opportunity of getting too much schooling. (book) Gladwell compares that theory to agriculture. Rice paddies are planted multiple times a year and they follow a steady schedule. In other countries, students attend school for countless numbers of days. KIPP is introduced to the same strategy for their students. They attend school from 7a. m until 7p. m. Even on Saturdays and in the Summer they are in school learning. Marita lived in poverty and decided to change her cultural legacy by attending KIPP to better herself. Most if not all of her time is spent going to school and doing homework. This allows Marita to get out of poverty. Her grade level increases tremendously. More than half of the students will graduate, including being the first to do so. (book) Charter schools focus their studies on the children. Compared to community colleges, time is spent on the people more. Universities and public schools do not receive the same attention. New Jersey’s high school students receive less standardized test based on their education system. This made charter schools easier to open. Christopher Cerf, an education commissioner, considers the state options on allowing students who take standardized testing to get into colleges to be substituted for high school proficiency test. Also, he feels that the community college entrance exam and high school test be the same. He believes in this so the test could be based on individual subjects. Cerf is trying a new system where a charter can be in Elizabeth, but children in Newark can attend. Community colleges try to close this gap by allowing the opportunity for anyone to attend. Professors interact with students more at community colleges. For community colleges do not have to have any special talents, income, or anything to attend a community college. People fail to realize they have many benefits attending these schools. These colleges aren’t for anyone of a specific age. Everyone is treated equally. The gaps are being closed because you are worked with unlike other school where you’re more independent. For example, in Outliers, the University of Michigan only enrolled 10% of minorities’ entrance chance, when their chance was just as good as the whites. Also, Christopher Logan dropped out of Montana State because the professor showed no interest in helping him. Charter schools close these gaps by allowing them to learn equally but based on a higher level than the same grades as public schools. Christie wants to replace many of the school contract performances and set specific standards. Focusing more on test results than regulatory compliance. (4th link). In the cities with the most poverty, children fail because they haven’t had anything new. The Urban Hope Act will allow private nonprofit to build new schools in Camden, Trenton, and Newark. This will only happen if they can prove experience in education. No state or other public bond dollars will be used on these schools. They will receive 5% less per student state funding than regular district schools. They do plan on promising to do much better with less. (link 5) In conclusion, enough work is being provided. It doesn’t have to always involve money. The financial issues are slowly but surely taken care of. Attention wise, these bridges are being close with enough time and patience to help children learn in charter schools and others in community colleges. Government needs to expand to allow everyone the same opportunity, instead of allowing high incomed people have certain opportunities and advantages rather than others. It is said that prodigies have a less creative mind than a student with a lower IQ. It is not true that certain people need to be smart enough to succeed in the real world. Hard work, dedication and the right education gives low incomed people the same advantage as everyone else. http://weblib. ucc. edu:2188/iw-search/we/InfoWeb? p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=1449450EEA63BEE0&p_docnum=4&p_queryname=2. http://weblib. ucc. edu:2188/iw-search/we/InfoWeb? p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=1445F9C7B95F9388&p_docnum=5&p_queryname=2 http://weblib. ucc. edu:2188/iw-search/we/InfoWeb? p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=139BE64F7B69B398&p_docnum=4&p_queryname=2 http://weblib. ucc. edu:2188/iw-search/we/InfoWeb? p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=134F1CD19D623F50&p_docnum=7&p_queryname=2 http://weblib. ucc. edu:2188/iw-search/we/InfoWeb? p_product=NewsBank&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=13C7A18781A29440&.

3 D Optical Storage

3-D OPTICAL DATA STORAGE TECHNOLOGY * *ABSTRACT 3D optical data storage is the term given to any form of optical data storage in which information can be recorded and/or read with three dimensional resolution (as opposed to the two dimensional resolution afforded, for example, by CD). Current optical data storage media, such as the CD and DVD store data as a series of reflective marks on an internal surface of a disc. In order to increase storage capacity, it is possible for discs to hold two or even more of these data layers, but their number is severely limited since the addressing laser interacts with every layer that it passes through on the way to and from the addressed layer. These interactions cause noise that limits the technology to approximately 10 layers. 3D optical data storage methods circumvent this issue by using addressing methods where only the specifically addressed voxel (volumetric pixel) interacts substantially with the addressing light. This necessarily involves nonlinear data reading and writing methods, in particular non linear optics. 3D optical data storage is related to (and competes with) holographic data storage. Traditional examples of holographic storage do not address in the third dimension, and are therefore not strictly â€Å"3D†, but more recently 3D holographic storage has been realized by the use of microholograms. Layer-selection multilayer technology (where a multilayer disc has layers that can be individually activated e. g. electrically) is also closely related. This innovation has the potential to provide terabyte-level mass storage on DVD-sized disks. Data recording and readback are achieved by focusing lasers within the medium. However, because of the volumetric nature of the data structure, the laser light must travel through other data points before it reaches the point where reading or recording is desired. Therefore, some kind of nonlinearity is required to ensure that these other data points do not interfere with the addressing of the desired point. 1. Overview: Current optical data storage media, such as the CD and DVD store data as a series of reflective marks on an internal surface of a disc. In order to increase storage capacity, it is possible for discs to hold two or even more f these data layers, but their number is severely limited since the addressing laser interacts with every layer that it passes through on the way to and from the addressed layer. These interactions cause noise that limits the technology to approximately 10 layers. 3D optical data storage methods circumvent this issue by using addressing methods w here only the specifically addressed voxel (volumetric pixel) interacts substantially with the addressing light. This necessarily involves nonlinear data reading and writing methods, in particular nonlinear optics. 3D optical data storage is related to (and competes with) holographic data storage. Traditional examples of holographic storage do not address in the third dimension, and are therefore not strictly â€Å"3D†, but more recently 3D holographic storage has been realized by the use of microholograms. Layer-selection multilayer technology (where a multilayer disc has layers that can be individually activated e. g. electrically) is also closely related. Schematic representation of a cross-section through a 3D optical storage disc (yellow) along a data track (orange marks). Four data layers are seen, with the laser currently addressing the third from the top. The laser passes through the first two layers and only interacts with the third, since here the light is at a high intensity. As an example, a prototypical 3D optical data storage system may use a disk that looks much like a transparent DVD. The disc contains many layers of information, each at a different depth in the media and each consisting of a DVD-like spiral track. In order to record information on the disc a laser is brought to a focus at a particular depth in the media that corresponds to a particular information layer. When the laser is turned on it causes a photochemical change in the media. As the disc spins and the read/write head moves along a radius, the layer is written just as a DVD-R is written. The depth of the focus may then be changed and another entirely different layer of information written. The distance between layers may be 5 to 100 micrometers, allowing >100 layers of information to be stored on a single disc. In order to read the data back (in this example), a similar procedure is used except this time instead of causing a photochemical change in the media the laser causes fluorescence. This is achieved e. g. by using a lower laser power or a different laser wavelength. The intensity or wavelength of the fluorescence is different depending on whether the media has been written at that point, and so by measuring the emitted light the data is read. It should be noted that the size of individual chromophore molecules or photoactive color centers is much smaller than the size of the laser focus (which is determined by the diffraction limit). The light therefore addresses a large number (possibly even 109) of molecules at any one time, so the medium acts as a homogeneous mass rather than a matrix structured by the positions of chromophores. 2. History: The origins of the field date back to the 1950s, when Yehuda Hirshberg developed the photochromic spiropyrans and suggested their use in data storage. [3] In the 1970s, Valeri Barachevskii demonstrated that this photochromism could be produced by two-photon excitation, and finally at the end of the 1980s Peter T. Rentzepis showed that this could lead to three-dimensional data storage. [5] This proof-of-concept system stimulated a great deal of research and development, and in the following decades many academic and commercial groups have worked on 3D optical data storage products and technologies. Most of the developed systems are based to some extent on the original ideas of Rentzepis. A wide range of physical phenomena for data reading and recording have been investigated, large numbers of chemical systems for the medium have been developed and evaluated, and extensive work has been carried out in solving the problems associated with the optical systems required for the reading and recording of data. Currently, several groups remain working on solutions with various levels of development and interest in commercialization. *3. Processes for creating written data*: Data recording in a 3D optical storage medium requires that a change take place in the medium upon excitation. This change is generally a photochemical reaction of some sort, although other possibilities exist. Chemical reactions that have been investigated include photoisomerizations, photodecompositions and photobleaching, and polymerization initiation. Most investigated have been photochromic compounds, which include azobenzenes, spiropyrans, stilbenes, fulgides and diarylethenes. If the photochemical change is reversible, then rewritable data storage may be achieved, at least n principle. Also, multilevel recording, where data is written in ‘grayscale’ rather than as ‘on’ and ‘off’ signals, is technically feasible. 3. 1 Writing by non*-*resonant multiphoton absorption Although there are many nonlinear optical phenomena, only multiphoton absorption is capable of injecting into the media the significant energy required to electronically excite molecular species and cause chemical reactions. Two-photon absorption is the strongest multiphoton absorbance by far, but still it is a very weak phenomenon, leading to low media sensitivity. Therefore, much research has been directed at providing chromophores with high two-photon absorption cross-sections. Two photon absorption (TPA) is the simultaneous absorption of two photons of identical or different frequencies in order to excite a molecule from one state (usually the ground state) to a higher energy electronic state. The energy difference between the involved lower and upper states of the molecule is equal to the sum of the energies of the two photons. Two-photon absorption is a second-order processes several orders of magnitude weaker than linear absorption. It differs from linear absorption in that the strength of absorption depends on the square of the light intensity, thus it is a nonlinear optical process Writing by 2-photon absorption can be achieved by focusing the writing laser on the point where the photochemical writing process is required. The wavelength of the writing laser is chosen such that it is not linearly absorbed by the medium, and therefore it does not interact with the medium except at the focal point. At the focal point 2-photon absorption becomes significant, because it is a nonlinear process dependent on the square of the laser fluence. Writing by 2-photon absorption can also be achieved by the action of two lasers in coincidence. This method is typically used to achieve the parallel writing of information at once. One laser passes through the media, defining a line or plane. The second laser is then directed at the points on that line or plane that writing is desired. The coincidence of the lasers at these points excited 2-photon absorption, leading to writing photochemistry. 3. 2 Writing by sequential multiphoton absorption Another approach to improving media sensitivity has been to employ resonant wo-photon absorption (also known as â€Å"1+1† or â€Å"sequential† 2-photon absorbance). Nonresonant two-photon absorption (as is generally used) is weak since in order for excitation to take place, the two exciting photons must arrive at the chromophore at almost exactly the same time. This is because the chromophore is unable to interact with a single photon alone. However, if the chromophore has an ene rgy level corresponding to the (weak) absorption of one photon then this may be used as a stepping stone, allowing more freedom in the arrival time of photons and therefore a much higher sensitivity. However, this approach results in a loss of nonlinearity compared to nonresonant 2-photon absorbance (since each 1-photon absorption step is essentially linear), and therefore risks compromising the 3D resolution of the system. 3. 3 Microholography In microholography, focused beams of light are used to record submicrometre-sized holograms in a photorefractive material, usually by the use of collinear beams. The writing process may use the same kinds of media that are used in other types of holographic data storage, and may use 2-photon processes to form the holograms. . 4 Data recording during manufacturing Data may also be created in the manufacturing of the media, as is the case with most optical disc formats for commercial data distribution. In this case, the user cannot write to the disc – it is a ROM format. Data may be written by a nonlinear optical method, but in this case the use of very high power lasers is acceptable so media sensitivity becomes less of an issue. The fabrication of discs containing data molded or printed into their 3D structure has also been demonstrated. For example, a disc containing data in 3D may be constructed by sandwiching together a large number of wafer-thin discs, each of which is molded or printed with a single layer of information. The resulting ROM disc can then be read using a 3D reading method. 3. 5 Other approaches to writing Other techniques for writing data in three-dimensions have also been examined, including: Persistent *spectral** **hole burning* (PSHB), which also allows the possibility of spectral multiplexing to increase data density. However, PSHB media currently requires extremely low temperatures to be maintained in order to avoid data loss. Void* formation, where microscopic bubbles are introduced into a media by high intensity laser irradiation. [7] Chromophore poling, where the laser-induced reorientation of chromophores in the media structure leads to readable changes. *4. Processes for reading data*: The reading of data from 3D optical memories has been carried out in many different ways. While some of these rely on the nonlinearity of the light-matter interaction to obtain 3D resolution, others use methods that spatially filter the media's linear response. Reading methods include: Two photon absorption (resulting in either absorption or fluorescence). This method is essentially two-photon-microscopy. Linear excitation of fluorescence with confocal detection. This method is essentially confocal laser scanning microscopy. It offers excitation with much lower laser powers than does two-photon absorbance, but has some potential problems because the addressing light interacts with many other data points in addition to the one being addressed. Measurement of small differences in the refractive index between the two data states. This method usually employs a phase contrast microscope or confocal reflection microscope. No absorption of light is necessary, so there is no risk of damaging data while reading, but the required refractive index mismatch in the disc may limit the thickness (i. e. number of data layers) that the media can reach due to the accumulated random wavefront errors that destroy the focused spot quality. Second harmonic generation has been demonstrated as a method to read data written into a poled polymer matrix. Optical coherence tomography has also been demonstrated as a parallel reading method. *5. Media *design: The active part of 3D optical storage media is usually an organic polymer either doped or grafted with the photochemically active species. Alternatively, crystalline and sol-gel materials have been used. 5. 1 Media form factor Media for 3D optical data storage have been suggested in several form factors: Disc. A disc media offers a progression from CD/DVD, and allows reading and writing to be carried out by the familiar spinning disc method. Card. A credit card form factor media is attractive from the point of view of portability and convenience, but would be of a lower capacity than a disc. Crystal, Cube or Sphere. Several science fiction writers have suggested small solids that store massive amounts of information, and at least in principle this could be achieved with 3D optical data storage. 5. 2 Media manufacturing The simplest method of manufacturing – the molding of a disk in one piece – is a possibility for some systems. A more complex method of media manufacturing is for the media to be constructed layer by layer. This is required if the data is to be physically created during manufacture. However, layer-by-layer construction need not mean the sandwiching of many layers together. Another alternative is to create the medium in a form analogous to a roll of adhesive tape. *6. Drive design*: A drive designed to read and write to 3D optical data storage media may have a lot in common with CD/DVD drives, particularly if the form factor and data structure of the media is similar to that of CD or DVD. However, there are a number of notable differences that must be taken into account when designing such a drive, including: Laser. Particularly when 2-photon absorption is utilized, high-powered lasers may be required that can be bulky, difficult to cool, and pose safety concerns. Existing optical drives utilize continuous wave diode lasers operating at 780 nm, 658 nm, or 405 nm. 3D optical storage drives may require solid-state lasers or pulsed lasers, and several examples use wavelengths easily available by these technologies, such as 532 nm (green). These larger lasers can be difficult to integrate into the read/write head of the optical drive. Variable spherical aberration correction. Because the system must address different depths in the medium, and at different depths the spherical aberration induced in the wavefront is different, a method is required to dynamically account for these differences. Many possible methods exist that include optical elements that swap in and out of the optical path, moving elements, adaptive optics, and immersion lenses. Optical system. In many examples of 3D optical data storage systems, several wavelengths (colors) of light are used (e. g. eading laser, writing laser, signal; sometimes even two lasers are required just for writing). Therefore, as well as coping with the high laser power and variable spherical aberration, the optical system must combine and separate these different colors of light as required. Detection. In DVD drives, the signal produced from the disc is a reflection of the addressing laser beam, and is therefore very intense. For 3D optical storage however, the signal mus t be generated within the tiny volume that is addressed, and therefore it is much weaker than the laser light. In addition, fluorescence is radiated in all directions from the addressed point, so special light collection optics must be used to maximize the signal. Data tracking. Once they are identified along the z-axis, individual layers of DVD-like data may be accessed and tracked in similar ways to DVD discs. The possibility of using parallel or page-based addressing has also been demonstrated. This allows much faster data transfer rates, but requires the additional complexity of spatial light modulators, signal imaging, more powerful lasers, and more complex data handling. *7. Development issues*: Despite the highly attractive nature of 3D optical data storage, the development of commercial products has taken a significant length of time. This results from limited financial backing in the field, as well as technical issues, including: Destructive reading. Since both the reading and the writing of data are carried out with laser beams, there is a potential for the reading process to cause a small amount of writing. In this case, the repeated reading of data may eventually serve to erase it (this also happens in phase change materials used in some DVDs). This issue has been addressed by many approaches, such as the use of different absorption bands for each process (reading and writing), or the use of a reading method that does not involve the absorption of energy. Thermodynamic stability. Many chemical reactions that appear not to take place in fact happen very slowly. In addition, many reactions that appear to have happened can slowly reverse themselves. Since most 3D media are based on chemical reactions, there is therefore a risk that either the unwritten points will slowly become written or that the written points will slowly revert to being unwritten. This issue is particularly serious for the spiropyrans, but extensive research was conducted to find more stable chromophores for 3D memories. Media sensitivity. 2-photon absorption is a weak phenomenon, and therefore high power lasers are usually required to produce it. Researchers typically use Ti-sapphire lasers or Nd:YAG lasers to achieve excitation, but these instruments are not suitable for use in consumer products. *8. Academic development*: Much of the development of 3D optical data storage has been carried out in universities. The groups that have provided valuable input include: Peter T. Rentzepis was the originator of this field, and has recently developed materials free from destructive readout. *Watt W. Webb* co developed the two-photon microscope in Bell Labs, and showed 3D recording on photorefractive media. Masahiro Irie developed the diarylethene family of photochromic materials. [13] Yoshimasa Kawata, *Satoshi Kawata* and Zouheir Sekkat have developed and worked on several optical data manipulation systems, in particular involving poled polymer systems. 14] Kevin C Belfield is developing photochemical systems for 3D optical data storage by the use of resonance energy transfer between molecules, and also develops high 2-photon cross-section materials. Seth Marder performed much of the early work developing logical approaches to the molecular design of high 2-photon cross-section chromophores. Tom Milster has made many contributions to the theory of 3D optical data storage. Robert McLeod has examine d the use of microholograms for 3D optical data storage. Min Gu has examined confocal readout and methods for its enhancement. 9 Commercial development*: In addition to the academic research, several companies have been set up to commercialize 3D optical data storage and some large corporations have also shown an interest in the technology. However, it is not yet clear whether the technology will ever come to market in the presence of competition from other quarters such as hard drives, flash storage, holographic storage and internet-based storage. Examples of 3D optical data storage media. Top row – Written Call/Recall media; Mempile media. Middle row – FMD; D-Data DMD and drive. Bottom row – Landauer media; Microholas media in action. Call/Recall was founded in 1987 on the basis of Peter Rentzepis' research. Using 2-photon recording (at 25 Mbit/s with 6. 5 ps, 7 nJ, 532 nm pulses), 1-photon readout (with 635 nm), and a high NA (1. 0) immersion lens, they have stored 1 TB as 200 layers in a 1. 2 mm thick disk. [23] They aim to improve capacity to >5 TB and data rates to up to 250 Mbit/s within a year, by developing new materials as well as high-powered pulsed blue laser diodes. Mempile are developing a commercial system with the name TeraDisc. In March 2007, they demonstrated the recording and readback of 100 layers of information on a 0. mm thick disc, as well as low crosstalk, high sensitivity, and thermodynamic stability. [25] They intend to release a red-laser 0. 6-1. 0 TB consumer product in 2010, and have a roadmap to a 5 TB blue-laser product. [26] *Constellation 3D* developed the Fluorescent Multilayer Disc at the end of the 1990s, which was a ROM disk, manufactured layer by layer. The company failed in 200 2, but the intellectual property (IP) was acquired by D-Data Inc. who are attempting to introduce it as the Digital Multilayer Disk (DMD). Storex Technologies has been set up to develop 3D media based on fluorescent photosensitive glasses and glass-ceramic materials. The technology derives from the patents of the Romanian scientist Eugen Pavel, who is also the founder and CEO of the company. First results, 40 nm marks recorded into 3D virtual layers separated by 700 nm, were presented in October 2009 at the ISOM2009 conference. Landauer inc. are developing a media based on resonant 2-photon absorption in a sapphire single crystal substrate. In May 2007, they showed the recording of 20 layers of data using 2 nJ of laser energy (405 nm) for each mark. The reading rate is limited to 10 Mbit/s because of the fluorescence lifetime. Colossal Storage aim to develop a 3D holographic optical storage technology based on photon induced electric field poling using a far UV laser to obtain large improvements over current data capacity and transfer rates, but as yet they have not presented any experimental research or feasibility study. Microholas operates out of the University of Berlin, under the leadership of Prof Susanna Orlic, and has achieved the recording of up to 75 layers of microholographic data, separated by 4. micrometres, and suggesting a data density of 10 GB per layer. [33] 3DCD Technology Pty. Ltd. is a university spin-off set up to develop 3D optical storage technology based on materials identified by Daniel Day and Min Gu. Several large technology companies such as Fuji, Ricoh and Matsushita have applied for patents on 2-photon-responsive materials for applications including 3D optical data storage, however they have not giv en any indication that they are developing full data storage solutions.

Understanding Nursing Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Understanding Nursing Theory - Essay Example Grand theory presenters start theoretical formulation at abstraction level and these formulations never link the realities. Roy’s (1971) work was designated for the grand theory. Roy presented the adaptation model. In the adaption model of Roy, a person was perceived as receiving the adaptive system for inputs. This input may be as the stimuli from the external environment, which is processed by the feedback or internal processes. These processes are inherent in the changing abilities of individuals and result into an output in the form of either ineffective response or adaptive (Parse, 2001). Middle range Theory is less abstract and more specific in its scope, which reflects a practice and also addresses the specific phenomenon. This theory deals with a limited number of aspects of real world concepts. A mid-range theory is made up of relative concrete concepts, which are concrete propositions and defined operationally. These concepts can be tested empirically. A period of ten years ago, Georgene Eakes, Mary Burke, and Margaret Hainsworth developed the theory of Chronic Sorrow. This is the application of the middle range theory of nursing that explains the periodic recurrence of a continuous sadness or grief feeling over an important loss. This presents the normal response to the loss. Because, parents always felt sadness over their children’s mental retardation and this response was not permanent. Clinicians could intervene in these conditions if they had similar beliefs. This theory also related with the feelings of parents who have premature infants. Hainsworth, Eakes, & Burke (1994) found that mothers of those children with the spina bifida also had a pervasive sadness. This theory focuses upon the specific phenomenon, which mirror out the clinical practices and has narrowest interest range. This theory is limited to a particular population or a specific field of

UK Commercial Law Scenarios and Questions Essay

UK Commercial Law Scenarios and Questions - Essay Example An implied agency under the agency by estoppel was created between Tom and Jerry since it was a verbal appointment. 1 An agency by estoppel states that whereas an agency can in general arise by the will of the principal, he may nevertheless so conduct himself leading another to believe that someone is his agent and he is then estopped from denying this fact. For instant, if a person is allows another to order goods on his behalf and always pays for them, then he will be estopped from denying the authority to a third person who relied on the appearance. (Emerson, 2003) This agency by estoppel is as effective as an agency intentionally created. The rule of estoppel is based on the principle of holding out and is not confined to contracts of employment only. (Jertz and Miller, 2004) Since there existed an agency relationship between Tom and Jerry, Tom need to be advised that Jerry might bring a case against him for refusing to accept the Land Rover he bought on his behalf knowing very well that Tom would be very happy with the purchase. Since Jerry was engaged to act as an agent by Tom (principal) whereby he ordered and paid for animal feed on his behalf we can say that Tom acted for undisclosed principal. When he was ordering the animal feed for Tom, he would not have disclosed that he was an agent engaged by Tom since they would not have sold the animal feeds for them because Tom had been banned from their premises. Tom on the other hand needs to be aware that, since his goat had ran amok causing a lot damages to the animal feeds supplier, a case can be brought against him. The animal feed supplier may sue him for trespass by cattle under the law of tort. A trespass by cattle of a person we usually treated as if he has committed it himself. If a man's cattle, poultry, sheep or goats trespass on another's land, the owner of such animals becomes liable for trespass and must pay damages for the damages caused to the plaintiff's crops or property. If the cattle trespassed without causing any damage, the owner is still liable to pay damages because trespass is actionable per se. 4 A relevant case studied under trespass by cattle is that of:- Anderson v. Buckton of 1815 In this case, the defendant's cattle affected by contagious disease trespassed on an adjoining pasture and infected the plaintiff's cattle. It was held that the defendant was liable for damage arising from the spread

Health Care Law and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health Care Law and Ethics - Essay Example The hospital has duties that it owes to the patients as well as the general public. These responsibilities are obtained from the regulations as well as principle of law that are developed by the court system. The duties are also governed by the internal rules of the organization. This means that in case a corporate fails to honor its duty as per the law, it also carry the liability of the injured party (Westlaw, 2015).. Corporate negligence is a policy that requires hospitals to be liable in case it does not exercise its duty of care to the patients that involves patient safety as well as their well-being in the hospital (Hall et al. 2003). Therefore, corporate negligence happens in the event a hospital fails to do the duties that it owes to the patients and the general public. In the event, the duty is breached and the patient is injured due to that breach, the organization will be responsible for that mess (Hall et al. 2003). Liability is also extended to the nonemployees who work in the hospitals to offer care to the patients. Duty to care The physician in the health care has a duty to provide care to the patient and failure to perform that duty he can be taken to court for legal measures (Picard, 1996). For example, in U.S a person is not required to assist any injured person without a defined relationship such as doctor-patient. In the event, a doctor is at a market and assists a person suffering from heart attack, he will be liable for any injury that the person might have during the assistance.

Letter of Recommendation Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Letter of Recommendation - Personal Statement Example Haney’s determination and persistence to overcome the problem. Sgt. Haney has also successfully completed joint substance abuse program training; his commendable performance in the program has earned him the post of the unit prevention leader. Training NCO at the 2nd BN 200th Regiment OCS in the Alabama Army National Guard. He is no less than an asset for his regiment as his passion to work for the country makes him excel in everything he does. Apart from his work, his compassion for others reflects in the fact that he serves as the Secretary of the Board of Directors at Waldo Volunteer Fire department. His pledge to give back to the community is also apparent from the fact that he is an active member of Stockdale Baptist Church. Kindly grant Sgt. Haney the opportunity to prove the changes that he has made in his life and cease the suspension on his driving

Medieval Roman Catholicism in Christianity Essay

Medieval Roman Catholicism in Christianity - Essay Example The contributions of two prominent popes in the medieval times paved the way for the conversion of Emperor Constantine in 312 who â€Å"legalized Christianity, promoted its interests, and took an active role in its institutional and doctrinal development† (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2010). The name Christianity was coined from Jesus Christ. Christianity is the name given to that definite system of religious belief and practice which was taught by Jesus Christ in the country of Palestine, during the reign of the Roman Emperor, Tiberius, and was promulgated, after Jesus’ death, for the acceptance of the whole world, by certain chosen men among His followers. The role of medieval Roman Catholicism, therefore, is the promulgation of evangelization of various peoples all over the world. In addition, the church instigated roles of education, engaging in charitable activities, and promotion of the family as the sole unit of social and moral values. As revealed in the history of Roman Catholicism, â€Å"one of the most significant developments of the late ancient and early medieval periods—for Roman Catholicism and all forms of Christianity—was the emergence of Christian theology. During the late ancient and early medieval periods there was also a significant growth in monasticism, the origins of which are traditionally associated with the Apostles in Jerusalem† (Britannica, 2010). The teachings from the Apostles became the basis for their compilations of the Bible. As indicated in the article on Roman Catholicism stating that â€Å"the churchs role in mediating salvation has been emphasized more than in other Christian traditions. Supernatural life is mediated to Christians through the sacraments administered by the hierarchy to whom obedience is due† (Roman Catholic Church, 2010). The origins of Roman Catholicism were instrumental in proffering the existence of God, as proven in five ways, to wit: from motion, from the nature of efficient cause,

Personal Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Personal Philosophy - Essay Example It is an imperative effort to ensure a keen and meticulous understanding of the behaviour and inclinations of infants and toddlers in order to come up with more effective and profound methods and approaches of providing learning and care to infants and toddlers. This piece of article shall present a personal philosophy that will concentrate more on the different topics related to infant and toddler learning and care. It shall provide relatively intended recommendations on how to improve the existing methods of training up infants and toddlers. This shall discuss on the manifold factors that affect and influence the learning process and care involving infants and toddlers. Also, an elaboration on child’s important participation in carrying out the steps drawn out from the personal philosophy will be provided as well. It is my ardent belief that early childhood development learning and care should be provided at places wherein these young individuals will be given the ability to hook up with the world and would trigger their earliest possible environmental consciousness that will help them to grow and improve their learning process. It is highly important that while infants and toddlers need to make a connection with the natural world most on their own, it is likewise important to make sure that training centers for infants and toddlers should provide an environment that is safe, amicable and full of love and care. They should be exposed in an environment where they can feel that they are loved and cared. The eventual or future personality and attitude of our children is heavily contingent to how they were trained when they were still young. Seen this way, it would be a significant step to employ a type of teaching that would help them develop their self-confidence that will surely help them beco me active learners. It is my

Applied Integrated Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Applied Integrated Business - Essay Example This paper is an attempt to synthesize everything I had learned so far which can be applicable in a world of business that is further made complicated and difficult by various financial crises. In the next few pages, I will elaborate on these further by enumerating the three most important. Discussion I think Professor Michael Porter's Five-Forces Model of competition is the first thing that comes to my mind in terms of importance. His model is applicable to almost all industries anywhere in the world. It has universal applications and any aspiring manager should learn to apply the principles in this model. Doing so will make his job as manager much, much easier. It will allow him to analyze a given industry, formulate the appropriate strategies and then be able to implement this particular chosen strategy to achieve superior results, no matter what. It is a given that the Porter model is extremely useful for industry analysis in order to attain that sustainable superior performance over peer industry competitors. The model further simplifies the whole job of any manager; without it, it is quite difficult to arrive at a good decision due to sometimes too much data to analyze that one can easily get lost of the strategic objective. The second most important thing I learned during the course is the 7 Ps of marketing. ... This model will help to put things in a proper perspective so corrective measures can be undertaken to rescue new products and services from being failures in the market. This model is a step-by-step guide to successful marketing techniques because it analyzes each step to be taken when selling and it helps to remove guesswork by making the analysis much more professional and accurate. The third most important I learned so far in this course is the SWOT analysis model. It may seem simple but it at least has a systematic approach when analyzing the inherent kind of strengths and weaknesses of any business organization. The first two letters are S and W; it pertains to the internal structure of the business firm by looking inward at its core competence or the areas of operations in which it has advantages while at the same recognize weaknesses. This will allow the firm to take corrective measures to remedy these weaknesses. The second two letters which are O and T represent opportuniti es and threats from the environment which are considered as external to the firm. The usefulness of this SWOT model is it is applicable to individual persons as well, such as taking pre-emptive or preventive measures to avoid any possible harm or dangers. The SWOT model for analysis is also useful in other situations like disaster preparedness by government units and other non-profit organizations because it will try to recognize possible dangers and allow for sufficient advance planning to avoid failures. The SWOT model has internal and external components, very much like Porter's Five-forces model, which has three external components and two internal features in the said model. I fully intend to use all my accumulated knowledge from the course in my daily

Accident Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Accident - Essay Example On this particular day, as his parents wants to buy for him a new car, a ‘Chevrolet Silverado 2012,’ they ask him to go and renew his license. He goes to the mall for the eye check test and the attendant informs him that even though the renewal is possible, it takes a few days to process and requires some payments. He makes the payment and receives a note to prove that his license is already renewed but he is waiting for delivery that is due in about three to four days. He then leaves for home. On his way home, his mother calls about the license renewal. He replies that he already renewed the license but is too tired and sleepy. He asks her to just get the car and take it home, something that she agrees to. He then turns off his phone, turns right and stays on the left lane. Mike then notices a speed bump and a U-turn and at the same time sees an old man riding a bicycle along the end of the right lane. Owing to the distance between the two lanes and the fact that the old man does not seem to move or show any intention of moving when Mike gets close to the U-turn, he increases his speed by 20 kilometers per hour from 50 kilometers per hour. As he gets close to the turn, however, the old man crosses the road. He does not have sufficient time either to stop the car or to avoid the man. Actually, he does not have time to think at all. He therefore hits the man without even noticing and drives on until he realizes shreds of glass on the passenger’s seat. Upon looking ba ckwards, Mike notices that the man is still. With the knowledge that he has hit the man, he thinks of speeding off the scene but changes his mind, stops the car and runs to the old man, to check whether the man is hurt of he is ok. At the shock that the man is not moving at all, Mike calls the police and the receiver asks him to check on the man. Another motorist however advises him not to touch the victim and Mike gets

Android App Essay Example for Free

Android App Essay During the earliest years, children interact primarily with people. Their interactions with toys are usually in the context of human interactions as well. They need to freely explore, manipulate, and test everything in the environment. Increasingly in today’s world, this includes the exploration of technology tools and interactive media. Children of this age are drawn to push-button switches and controls. The early years are a time of rapid learning as parents prepare their children for the upcoming challenges of school. Basic concepts and skills, eye coordination, can all be taught at this age. Recognizing sounds, letter and numbers are early pre- literacy skills crucial to the foundation of future learning. Children who can identify letters, number and sounds when entering kindergarten will be well-prepared to learn to sound out words and read. The use of technology can facilitate young children’s recognition of animal sounds, letters and numbers with so much fun. A. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM On the course of the study, the researcher found out the following problems: Many Smartphone Apps might become harmful to toddlers. Smartphone Apps that is hard to use and complicated for the toddlers. Wrong selection of Apps that has non-beneficial to the growth of toddlers. Apps that have no interaction to the user. B. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To build an educational android application that can teach and expand your child’s growing brain. To build an educational android application that is easy to use, specially designed for toddlers. Help kids to increase their brain power along with improving their memory. To build educational android application that can be usable for the future learning of the user. To build interactive educational android application. C. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Technology today is really necessary especially when it comes to education. To the kids/toddlers – Fast development for their recognition skills in alphabets, numbers and sounds of animals. The study can be a great help in accelerating childrens reading ability. Toddlers will be well prepared to learn the basics the time they enter pre-school. To the parents – Save more time to do their home job. Smartphone can actually babysit their children while they are busy (cooking or cleaning the house etc). To the future developer – Encourage them to develop more usable and credible application.D. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS The proposed educational android application on the basic tasks of system has the following features as well as limitations: The FirstStep educational android applications teach toddlers the basic learning and recognition of the numbers, alphabet and sound of animals in a fun and simple way. The FirstStep educational android application doesn’t have time limits or scores, so its stress-free fun for toddlers. All of the pictures have sounds. The FirstStep educational android application works only in any Android phones. The android application can also run to tablets, but the screen size is small, because the screen size of the FirstStep android application is originally set for cell phones only. The FirstStep educational android application has no problem solving, computation or logic game. The Appinventor MIT where the FirstStep educational App was build has a limit size of 5mb only for the program that is why it is separated into four apk. The FirstStep educational android application stop sometimes due to compatibility issues, but still it’ll continue. E. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Input: Process: Output: DEFINITION OF TERMS Paint – Have fun with an additional functionality of the proposed program. There are three categories: animals, toys and trees. It allows the user to have fun with the pictures. Alphabet From A to Z. Sounds play every time the user touches the letters and images. Animals – Different animals that have sounds every time the user touch the image. Numbers – Counting numbers 1 to 10. App Inventor An open source, Web-based system developed by Google that allowed people to create Android apps without having to know how to code. Instead of writing code, the Android mobile app can be visually designed with App Inventor. Emulator – Use to test the project in Appinventor MIT. Java is a computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers write once, run anywhere (WORA), meaning that code that runs on one platform and does not need to be recompiled to run on another. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Foreign Study Figure 1: Fun Painting Screen Shot http://www.  appszoom. com/android_games/casual/fun-painting-app-for kids_lnli. html Fun painting was developed to teach kids about colors and drawing. With a choice of three colors, red, blue, green, you can draw anything you want on a cute cat. You can press the clear button to clear your drawing and start over. There is no save button to save your work to send or share it on facebook. You can cl ick next button to go in the next picture then paint it. Figure 2: Screen shots from Kids Zoo Animal Sounds alba. tasar? m interactive Kids Zoo is a fun package to learn the animal world for little toddlers. It is a fun android application for kids and toddlers to recognize animals and their different sounds. It is designed for kids; all of the pictures are cute and have sound. for surely the kids will like it. The application is easy to use. It is very simple there is no scoring or logic so it’s stress free fun for kids. All they have to do is touch the buttons and pictures to hear the sounds of animals. Figure 3: Screen shot from ABC for Kids All Alphabets, Pratik Machchar ABC for shows the alphabets A to Z with their sounds. It is a fun application specially designed for kids and toddlers to recognize the alphabet sounds. The application is easy to use. You just have to push the sound button to play the sound of alphabet, and then the next or previous button to move to another letter. The processes of each page are all the same. B. Local Studies Figure 4: Screen shots from ABaKaDa Alphabet https://play. google. com/store/apps/details? id=appinventor. ai_suphap2. Abakada_Alphabet_Launchhl=tl ABaKaDa Alphabet flash card is a fun way of learning the alphabet of the Tagalog language. The deck contains 20 letters aimed to aid kids or even adults in identification and pronunciation. A bonus feature of doodling the pictures will surely give the kids something to recall. Abakada Alphabet is best not only for Filipino kids living in the Philippines or abroad but also those who want to start learning the Tagalog language while having fun. Figure 5: Screen shots from CountRok, created by Jeprok Apps. CountRok, created by Jeprok Apps, is designed as an educational application for the Global Filipino Family to learn the basics of Counting in Tagalog (Filipino). Its a cool and smart application that teaches counting from 1 through 10 in Tagalog and English. Screens have simple buttons for arrows to move back and forth and a play button for audio. Graphics are colorful and animations help to keep a childs attention. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY The proponent decided to use agile software development because it promotes adaptive planning, evolutionary development and delivery, a time-boxed iterative approach, and encourages rapid and flexible response to change. It also emphasizes face-to-face communication between the developer and the stakeholder who provide the desired software requirements. And at the end of the iteration, a working product is demonstrated to the stakeholder to minimize overall risk and allows the project to adapt to changes quickly. Thus the final software output is developed with minimal bugs which are exactly what the stakeholder wanted. Figure 6: Agile Methodology Development Cycle Figure 6 shows the software development cycle of agile methodology. Therefore, attributes of the said method are well suited to the development of the proponent’s educational android application. A. Requirement analysis stage In this stage, the proponent came up with the idea of creating an educational Android application. It is an educational application that will help kids and toddlers for developing their recognition skills of the English alphabet, numbers, animals and sounds. B. Development Stage In this stage, the development of the software took place. The proponent added functionality to the design. Every finished output was built and tested to detect possible program errors. Iterations or changes were done from time to time to correct imperfections. Improvement of design, graphics and expansion of software’s features was observed. It was checked by the software project professor, technical adviser and stakeholder (pre-school teacher) who added functionality and concept to the overall software design or removed some. Every suggested improvement was noted to be implemented on the next iteration of the software development. Figure 7: Agile methodology decision making cycle Figure 7 shows that in every phase of the software development stage, the stakeholder gives his feedback. It is considered by the proponent to ensure that the final software will contain the attributes of the good software. C. The software was prepared for final checking after the approval of the software project professor and technical adviser. It was based on the test done on the development stage where software was ensured to be free from bugs and errors. Demo was done for final software assessment. CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION A. SUMMARY This project entitled â€Å"First Step† is an educational android application for toddlers. The study sought to create an educational game for kids to develop their recognition of sounds of animals, numbers and the alphabet. The project also aimed to maximize the use of technology in a good and practical way and to obtain more knowledge. The project also aimed to create interactive software for the kids. In addition to the software project, the researcher gathered valid information through internet research and interviews from an expert in programming and a pre-school teacher who has an expertise in working with children. The features of the proposed android application are painting, counting numbers, and recognizing alphabets and animal sounds. B. CONCLUSIONS The finalization of software has led to the following conclusions pertaining to the software’s attributes: The android application is maintainable since it is created using the agile methodology which acknowledges the feedback of the stakeholder. It evolved thoroughly as the stakeholder changed the product requirements. The android application is dependable It doesn’t cause harm or damages to any users since it is an educational tool only. It doesn’t contain confidential data accessible by the users given that the software has built-in images only which are used in topic simulations. The android application is efficient because it is responsive and doesn’t waste any system resources. The android application is usable and user-friendly. It is designed for kids and toddlers. C. RECOMMENDATIONS The researcher recommends parents to use First Step android application to speed up the learning process for toddlers. They can use their gadgets for teaching instead using and buying manual flash cards for the kids to learn about alphabets, numbers and animals. It’s practical to use gadgets since all have them. The proponent also recommends to the parents of young Smartphone users to: Explain to your children that screen-learning must be balanced with other activities, and limit their Smartphone or table time. Set daily limits early, and stick to them. Use your mobile device as a babysitter as seldom as possible. Choose credible apps that offer a legitimate educational component. Games are fine, but try to find apps that teach and expand your child’s growing brain. Talk to your kids about what they’re learning from their Smartphone apps. Ask them questions, and check out the apps yourself and get involved in their activities. Don’t let your young kids isolate themselves for too long with a Smartphone or tablet. Consider using parental controls (like NQ Family Guardian ) to ensure your child is protected from the bad stuff and can only access the good stuff at appropriate times. You can also monitor your child’s location and allow your child to alert you when he needs you. For the future developers the proponent recommends to create credible application that can be beneficial for the next generation. Use your talents in building good application that are harm-free for the users.

The Enterprise Resource Planning At Reebok Business Essay

The Enterprise Resource Planning At Reebok Business Essay Reebok introduces products into the market on seasonal and annual basis. Their product infusion into market is at least five to seven times in given calendar year. On an average it takes 18 months to produce a new product from scratch, however the exemption being quick to market products which takes more no more than 3 months to be produced. The network and rapport with the suppliers and distributors is immense to facilitate faster times to gain industry feedback, to send out new goods faster to the shelves. Challenges which ERP implementation addressed The common challenges which Reebok had owing to the size of its huge customer base and disbursed manufacturing facilities. Globe sales network and varied preferences. To satisfy this, Reebok wanted a systems solution which can actually lower the product development time, condense stats from all quarters of the world of both B2B and B2C information at a click of a button away. Was ERP really able to help them to address their concern is what is analyzed in the following slides. Past Environment The information that the company had was all scattered and it was as small islands, hence retrieving them was difficult. The transparency of information was there. Obsolete information was getting stacked and technology at factory was outdated and off shore of the administration to monitor. Command over process was lost. All this lead to high stress levels of employees. Image 1 is pictorial representation of the past environment Image 1. Current Environment Huge investments into automation, lead to a change in scenario. Through internet factory activities were monitored. Computerization means single data base with high transparency and latest information at just a click away. There is no manipulation of data. This also has led to relatively lower stress levels. Image 2. Key attributes of current environment Centralized information storage has enabled book keeping of entire full-fledged product information irrespective of the area they are manufactured and underlying technology. This advanced feature of digital environment has helped in command and control of the entire process and create digitally generated images of finished goods would look like. Association and tagging of products with respective categories is made easy, this paves way for future enhancement of product portfolio with much fuss and worrying about data loss or pattern miss-match. Internet, common platform ERP makes 24/7 contact with all divisions (from suppliers to vendors) of the supply chain. Industry triggers are indicated automatically. Results of ERP implementation in product development ERP implementation has helped the company to manage a product line of 15complete seasons seamlessly. 45000 + files are stored electronically in the information storage system. Milestone capping has risen from 2 footwear and 3 apparel to 8 and 9 respectively. E (Electronic) HUB Supplier: Role of ERP The present statistics of logistics: 5,000 + purchase orders per month 40 Main Footwear Factories in 8 Countries 600 Apparel Factories in 29 Countries 450 Raw Material Suppliers 27 Freight Forwarders Transportation modes include Ship, Truck, Rail and Air 34 Custom Brokers This section of the paper discusses the supplier aspect of the supply chain, the role of internet technology in extending the computerization from basic ERP to PLM (Product lifecycle Management) systems. These systems have made life simple, improved operational efficiency by automatically accept purchase orders placed and distribute them to respective departments and production facilities across the globe. It also tracks information of shipping details, track the work in process (WIP) and last but not least publish new labels and images. Old supply chain model Image 3. Image 3 above demonstrates how the previous supply chain system was highly unorganized and cluttered. Such a formation would result in loss, manipulation of information, lead to fuss at every stage of the process and production. The modes of communication too were very primitive, slow, unreliable source such as Fax, Mail, Couriers, site visits, EDI, proprietary file transfers. New Supply Chain Image 4. Image 4 is clear representation of highly organised with a e-hub which acts as single point of contact for all the divisions of supply chain. This agile system ensures instant data transmission without loss or theft in data. Retrieval of information is made a breeze. Communication mode is state of the art Business-to-Business data sharing /Vendor Neutral E-Hub/ Hosted Environment (ASP model), Workflow, message alerts, back office integration with reporting capabilities. Result of revised supply chain Revised supply chain has help achieve increased operational efficiency through electronic transmission of order information directly into the factory systems with added accuracy, lower administration cost. The same system is implemented for newer and upcoming production facilities too. Common platform for process supervision and software as standard across the entire supply chain including small suppliers has benefited in order tracking and back order retrieval prompt. Purchase order mandate is now getting logged automatically which helps finance division of the company to get file year end taxes with little or no fuss. Purchase order can be reprinted at any point in time, while pre- delivered reports can be managed with the tool to over-ride purchase order activity. Recommendations Looking at ERP implementation from the higher level management perspective, obtain the leadership of executives of the organization, get the involved in the process for them understand better the need/ use of this technology in the interest of organizational development. Try and balance the top-down objectives allowing leverage for improving economies of scale and job satisfaction across al verticals of the hierarchy. Implementation process must be gradual and progressive. Sudden rush on improvement in technology and/or drastic development (big-bang implementations) should be avoided in order retain the culture within the organization, to boost employee morale. The ideal development/ implementation phase would be once in every 3 to 6 months. Finance department of the all organizations must take into miscellaneous expenses, include the process down time, employee training costs as part of the budget as this is a substantial quantum over the expected cost of ERP (both software and hardware necessary). Organizations working on seasonal business must ensure that the project lead in and lead out should not fall during the peak of the season as it might result in business getting affected. Adhere in strong project methodology and focus attention on issues and off plan items.If possible, defer most complex technology challenges until team has mastered the technology and gained confidence. Selection of the vendor (service/ support provider of ERP) has to be done after detailed market study. ERP package which allow future expansion must only be selected. Organizations must keep off from software that is not the best fit for the organization.

Equality is at the heart of inclusive teaching practice in education

Equality is at the heart of inclusive teaching practice in education Differences in educational opportunities for children depend not only on their individual cultural, economical, health or disability circumstances, but also on where they live and the ways in which educational systems are structured, regulated and supportedRegardless of these differences, there is widespread acknowledgment that teachers play a crucial role in providing quality education. (Florian Rouse, 2009, p.594) Given that inclusion is a key priority within Scottish education, this essay will critically discuss the concept of an inclusive school and its implications for teachers. There are many factors which can create a barrier to participation or hinder a childs learning, however for the purpose of this essay, the focus for discussion will be narrowed down to consider: a Curriculum for Excellence (CfE), teaching and assessment methods, additional support needs (ASN) and child poverty. These issues have been carefully selected with consideration to current educational issues and policies in Scotland, placement experience and with genuine interest to these issues and the implications they may have for teachers and their implementation of inclusive teaching practice. Furthermore, CfE, teaching and assessment methods, ASN and child poverty are issues that all teachers working in Scotland will have to consider during their career with regards to inclusion and whilst working as part of an inclus ive school. Her Majestys Inspectorate of Education state that an inclusive establishment is one in which the rationale for inclusion is clear to all members of the community and where inclusion is encouraged in practice (HMIE, 2008, Inclusion reference manual). Inclusion is an important issue in Scottish education, however inclusive practice has not been entirely embraced and implemented throughout the country. This may be due to a difference in opinions, uncertainty and misunderstandings as to what inclusion actually is and who inclusion is for (Allan 2008a), which would therefore present difficulties for teachers practicing within HMIEs definition of an inclusive school and their implementation of inclusive teaching practice. Newly qualified teachers may have a different understanding of inclusive teaching practice than the more experienced teachers, thus possibly causing further uncertainty, frustration and/or self doubt. As before mentioned, teachers play a crucial role in providing quality education (Florian Rouse, 2009, p.594). If teachers are at the forefront of providing inclusive education, then it is a concern that so many teachers have different views and opinions towards inclusion. Studies have shown that newly qualified teachers are more optimistic and have a more positive attitude towards inclusion than their more experienced colleagues, who are said to have a more realistic view on inclusion. It was noted that after the probationary year, teachers have a far less positive view, and are much less enthusiastic about inclusion (Seith, 2008). An insight into a possible reason for a lack of enthusiasm towards inclusion is suggested by Allan (2008b). Many teachers have concerns and self doubts about their ability to include, without clear guidance from policy or legislation on how to implement inclusive teaching practice. Many teachers feel that it is difficult to perform to high expectations w ith regards to inclusion, when they receive limited support and resources (Allan, 2008b). Limited support is a concern for teachers who are trying to practice inclusion within an inclusive school as a lack of support, guidance and/or resources may have an effect on the teachers ability to include all children depending on their individual circumstances. Articles 28 and 29 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) state that education should nurture and develop the talents and abilities of each child to their fullest potential and serve to prepare children for living happily in a liberal society (UNCRC, 1989). These values could be said to be reflected in the purpose of CfE, its principles and the four capacities: successful learners, responsible citizens, confident individuals and effective contributors. CfE is for all children aged between 3-18 and aims to ensure that all children and young people in Scotland, regardless of their individual circumstances are provided with opportunities to develop the skills, knowledge and qualities required for life long learning (Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2010, the purpose of the curriculum). Equality is at the heart of CfE with the four capacities being achievable for all children and therefore providing the opportunity for more children to participate and achieve in all areas of the curriculum. Therefore an inclusive school is one where CfE is fully embraced by all, and where teachers are supported with their implementation of CfE through opportunities for continuing their professional development throughout their careers. In order for a Curriculum for Excellence to be a success, it is important that individual teachers are committed to developing their own skills and teaching practice and keeping up to date with new approaches to teaching and learning (Curriculum for Excellence, 2006, implications). However recent research carried out by The Education Institute Scotland, has shown that many teachers have voiced their concerns over CfE. These concerns are with regards to there being an additional workload, a shortage of time for planning and the effective implementation of CfE with the lack of clear, specific instructions (EIS, 2010, Survey of Members). It could be argued however, that the broad and general experiences and outcomes of CfE are a positive feature of Scottish Education and are an important part of inclusion and inclusive practice within the school. If there were to be precise instruction as to how to implement CfE, it would surely contradict the values of CfE, and the autonomy and profess ional role of the teacher. With the implementation of CfE, teachers have the flexibility to apply appropriate assessment procedures and use their own professional judgment with regards to progression and responding to the individual needs of children (Reid, 2008). However, a possible concern for teachers, particularly newly qualified teachers and student teachers with regards to implementing CfE within the inclusive school, as with the term inclusion, is the range of mixed feelings and opinions towards CfE. Mixed feelings were clearly evident during placement experience, with some teachers speaking very positively towards CfE whilst others expressing less enthusiastic opinions. The views towards CfE were somewhat reflected in the teaching strategies of some teachers; this was noted during observation periods as well as during discussions with a range of teachers (newly qualified and experienced). A variety of teaching strategies were observed during placement, with teachers who expressed negative feelings towards CfE favouring a more direct teaching approach, in comparison to the teachers with positive views towards CfE who used a variety of teaching strategies such as collaborative and active learning, which were appropriate for the particular learning experience and in response to the interests and needs of the children. Appropriate teaching and assessment methods play an important role within an inclusive school with teaching approaches being inclusive and specifically tailored to meet the interests and needs of the individual children and where assessment methods are used, which further support the learning. CfE assesses progress and achievement through Assessment is for Learning (Aifl) where assessment approaches should promote learner engagement and ensure appropriate support so that all learners can achieve their aspirational goals and maximise their potential (Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2010, principles of assessment). Assessment therefore, requires teachers to make professional judgments about childrens learning, where sound evidence and professional integrity is at the heart of the decision making process. The most effective assessment approaches are ones which are fair to all involved: children, young people, parents and communities and which avoid any pre-conceptions and stereotypes (S cottish Government, 2010, a framework for assessment). A possible implication or concern however for teachers, with regards to the use of assessment which coincides with CfE, is that teachers may have varied opinions on what constitutes as a person being a successful learner, confident individual, responsible citizen or an effective contributor. Placement experience highlighted this concern further. Award ceremonies on alternate Thursdays, seen children receive rewards for showing that they had proven themselves to be either a successful learner, confident individual, responsible citizen or an effective contributor. It was noted that what each class teacher perceived as an achievement with regards to the four capacities, could be questionable depending on personal opinion. An inclusive school aims to respond to the interests, needs and abilities of the learner and as before mentioned, a positive aspect of CfE is the reinstatement of professional autonomy and the flexibility that teachers have when implementing teaching approaches which are tailored to the needs of individual children (Reid, 2008). However questions have been raised with regards to teachers being sufficiently educated and trained to work with children who require additional support for learning. Teachers in Scotland must be appropriately qualified in order to work with children who have visual and/or hearing impairments (The requirements for teachers (Scotland) regulations 2005). However teachers do not need additional qualifications to work with any other group of children with ASN (MacKay McLarty, 2008a). This may be of concern to teachers as well as parents, as most children will require additional support for learning at some point during their school careers, with many situations such as disability, being bullied, bereavement in the family, homelessness, being the child of an asylum seeker or being a bilingual learner, leading to a child or young person requiring additional support for their learning (MacKay McLarty, 2008b). Baroness Mary Warnock (2010, The Cynical betrayal of my special needs children) believes that without specialist knowledge, teachers may actually do more harm than good when teaching children with ASN, particularly those with more severe learning difficulties such as, severely dyslexic children. Another concern for parents and teachers is Baroness Mary Warnocks U turn in opinion towards mainstream education for all, since the Warnock report was published in 1978. Warnock now states that mainstream education for all, was never what she or the committee proposed in the first place. What the committee actually recommended was that the large number of children with moderate learning difficulties already in mainstream schools should be ident ified, and their needs provided for where they were (Warnock, 2010, The Cynical betrayal of my special needs children). A key educational policy in Scotland is the inclusion of all children in mainstream schools. An implication for teachers in mainstream schools, particularly student and newly qualified teachers is the ability to support children with ASN, particularly those who have more severe learning difficulties, such as autism or severe dyslexia. The concern not only lies in the ability to support children with such learning difficulties, but also with creating a suitable learning environment for all children within the classroom, when many of the children have varied learning needs. Many teachers are concerned about their ability to meet the needs of all children in the mainstream classroom, with the limited resources they have (Mittler 2000; Hanko 2005 cited in Allan, 2010). Limited resources may be a worry for teachers working within an inclusive school with concern also expressed by NASUWT Teachers Union, who say that it is vital for children and young people to be educated in appropriate se ttings for their individual needs and aspirations, with access to necessary resources. Mainstream schools cannot be expected to cater for pupils with special needs without adequate and appropriate staffing and resources (NASUWT, 2009). Current budget cuts across Scotland and throughout the UK are a cause for concern with regards to teachers having appropriate resources and specialist support staff. With a lack of necessary resources and support it could be argued that teachers will struggle to include all children within the inclusive school. According to Her Majestys Inspectorate of Education, An Inclusive Establishment is one in which there is effective working relationships with pupils, parents and other agencies who are committed to the health, wellbeing and education of children and young people (HMIE, 2008, Inclusion reference manual). It has been observed during a number of school placement experiences, that effective working relationships are vitally important in providing inclusive practice. However, it was also noted during placement experience that effective working relationships are not always possible, particularly those between teacher/school and the parents. It was witnessed during placement experience with a Primary 7 class of 32 pupils, which had no support in the form of classroom assistants or behavioural therapists that during most lessons, a large amount of the teachers time and attention was given to one child within the class who has behavioural issues. Although the teacher had implemented a number of effective behaviour management, teaching and assessment techniques, there was still a noticeable effect on the other children in the class, who for different reasons required the teachers support, but were unable to receive the support they needed, whether this was advice, help, encouragement or praise. The classroom teacher had no support from the childs parents, and senior management avoided taking action which involved suspension as the childs wellbeing whilst at home was also a concern. This left the teacher in a catch 22 situation, with trying to manage the childs behaviour as well as the safety of the child and the other child ren within the classroom. It was felt by the teacher that more support from parents, senior management and other agencies was needed. An inclusive school therefore, provides support for teachers with their inclusive practice and offers support for teachers to enable them to work effectively with children who have ASN. However, without vital support in the form of CPD, parental, senior staff support and support from other agencies such as specialist teachers, social services and behavioural therapists, it could be argued that many classroom teachers would struggle to implement inclusive practice in the classroom without such support. Another key aspect of educational debate in Scotland is children living in poverty and its effect on learning. The Scottish Government Statistical Publications recorded that 17.9% of all children (primary and secondary) in Scotland are entitled to receive a free school meal (School Meals in Scotland, 2010). These statistics are an indication of low family income and the number of school age children who are regarded as living in poverty. The Scottish executive stresses the importance of inclusion and equality in Scotland and states that all children must be given the best possible start in life, regardless of their family background (Scottish Government, 2004). An Inclusive school therefore, is aware of the differences in childrens backgrounds and take steps to ensure that discriminatory behaviour or bullying is prevented or eliminated. Many schools in Scotland use a swipe card system, which allows children to get their lunch without anyone knowing who is entitled to free school meals. It was noticed during placement experience that many primary school teachers have different methods of taking the lunch register and allocating dinner tickets to those children who are entitled to a free school meal. In the senior stages of the primary school, the children collected their own dinner tickets, meaning there was no need to broadcast to the class who required a free meal. This worked well in ensuring children who required dinner tickets were not singled out, as in the upper stages of the primary school the children are much more aware of such issues. School uniform policies are also a positive feature within the inclusive school as it ensures that all children are equal and that children cant compare what they have with one another, ensuring no child is singled out or is made to feel inadequate if they do not own the same type of branded clothes as their peers. Although there are many school policies which aim to ensure inclusion and equality within the school, it could be argued that some school trips contradict the purpose of policies that promote equality, such as the school uniform policy. It was observed during placement experience that 5 out of the 33 children in the class were not taking part in the school trip, because their parents could not afford to send them away for the week long trip with the school. These children were therefore excluded from the school trip as well as excluded from the class discussions about the trip that took place on numerous occasions on the lead up to the trip. In conclusion, whilst taking into account the areas selected for discussion, CfE, teaching and assessment strategies, ASN and Child poverty, an inclusive school is one in which equality is at the heart of the teaching and learning, where every child, regardless of their ability is provided with learning experiences suited to their needs and abilities. An inclusive school is not only about the children. Instead an inclusive school includes all children, school staff, parents and other agencies, who work together to ensure that barriers to learning are removed, teachers supported and parents and children included in the school decision making. As discussed, there are implications for teachers within an inclusive school who may face challenges to their inclusive teaching practice. Challenges include the effective inclusion of children with learning difficulties, with limited resources and/or specialist support staff, the implication of CfE and the use of appropriate teaching and assessment methods. Allan (2010c) states that inclusion will benefit when teachers realise that there isnt a magic answer to inclusion or any instruction manual for teachers to follow. Therefore, to conclude, an inclusive school isnt one that has all the answers to inclusion. Instead it is one where all members of staff are committed to providing inclusive practice and equal opportunities for all children and young people. An Inclusive School is always seeking to further develop its inclusive practice, where teachers have a willingness and enthusiasm towards improving their own teaching skills and methods. 2958 words

Confucianism Essay -- Papers China Chinese Culture Religion Essays

Confucianism A philosopher named Confucius founded Confucianism in China 2,500 years ago. Confucianism is a system of ethical behavior and social responsibility that became the great traditions of the East.1 It played an important role in the evolution in Chinese culture over the centuries. It has influenced near-by countries and had made a mark in the history of religion. There are today over six million people who call themselves Confucianists. Most Confucianists live in East Asia where Confucianism is thought to be born. For over two thousand years, Confucianism has been the dominant philosophical system of Chinese government, which has still a great hold on their people. Because Chinese culture has spread to the counties of Vietnam, Korea, and Japan, the values of Confucianism can be found there too. Confucius Confucius was born in 551 BC in the village of Zou in the country of Lu. During that time, the Zhou dynasty was in decline-this was controlled by King Zhou. As a child, Confucius would have make-believe rituals; as a young adult he quickly earned a reputation for politeness, fairness and had a love for learning. He traveled often and studied at the imperial capital, Zhou, where legend has it he spoke with Lao Zi, the leader of Daoism. When Confucius returned to Lu, he became a renowned teacher. At the age of 35, Confucius followed Duke Zhao into war. Duke Zhao was later captured and Confucius again followed. Zhao often went to Confucius for advice, but was later advised not to by one of his advisors. Eventually Zhao stopped going to him for advice and Confucius returned to Lu. When he returned, he saw that conditions have been unchanged so he retired from public life to concentrate on teaching and studying... ...ducted at the many Confucian temples on the island. In June, Taiwan?s Dragon Boat Festival commemorates the death, in 299 BCE, of the Confucian diplomat Chu Yuan, who drowned himself to call attention to unheeded demands for government reform. Bibliography: 1Confucianism ? World Religions by Thomas and Dorothy Hoober P. 3 2 Confucianism ? World Religions by Thomas and Dorothy Hoober P. 75 3 Confucianism http://albany.net/~geenius/kongfuzi/teach.html 4 Confucianism ? Encarta Encyclopedia http://www.encarta.com 5 Confucianism ? World Religions P. 56 6 Confucianism http://www.albany.net/~geenius/kongfuzi/modkong.html 7 World Book Encyclopedia ? Confucianism 8 Confucianism http://www.encyclopedia.com 9 Confucianism http://connect.net/ron/confucianism.html 10 Confucianism http://www.encarta.com (I would check it first)

The Suffragete Movement :: Papers

The Suffragete Movement In Britain only two thirds of the male population were allowed to vote, these did not include, men who did not own property or pay at least  £10 per year in rent, servants who lived with their employers, criminals and lunatics. Women could not vote at all. In 1906 The Suffragete Movement was used to describe women campaigning for the right to vote, Emmiline Pankhurst was one of the first leaders of the Suffragete movement. The fight for the right for women to vote was a violent revolution for the rights of all men and all women to be treated equally this was led by Emmiline Pankhurst and her fellow Suffragettes. On 19th May 1905, 10 women went to speak to the Prime Minister. One of those women was Emily Davies, who was 76 years old. It was Emily who handed the first women’s suffrage petition to the Prime Minister. In return all they received was some advice about ‘being patient’. This was not the result they wanted. They wanted to be taken seriously. In 1906, Christobel Pankhurst and her colleague attended a meeting held by Sir Edward Grey, a leading Liberal. There they assaulted a policeman, were arrested and sentenced to seven days in jail or pay a fine They could have paid the fine and gone home. Annie Kenney refused to pay the fine, as far as she and the movement was concerned; it was prison or votes for women. As time went by there were more arrests and imprisonment for members of the ‘Suffragettes’. They shouted down Ministers, protested in parliament and on the streets, but women were still refused the right to vote. In 1908, Miss Nell chained herself to the railings outside the Prime Minister’s front door. She did this for lots of reasons; the Cabinet was in session so they would hear her speech, and so would the crowd outside. Furthermore it would take the police a long time to unchain her. Nurse Oliva Smith who followed her example and chained herself to

Homosexuality

Many believe that higher Education leads to an increase in tolerance towards individual who are different. There are some empirical findings to support this premise; however the impact of higher education on acceptance of homosexuality has not been adequately explored. Gays and Lesbian in society face many negative attitudes. Homosexual expression in native Africa was also present and took a variety of forms. Anthropologists Stephen Murray and Will Roscoe reported that women in Lesotho engaged in socially sanctioned â€Å"long term, erotic relationships† called motsoalle.The first record of possible homosexual couple in history is commonly regarded as Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum, an Egyptian male couple, who lived around 2400 BCE. The pair are portrayed in a nose-kissing position, the most intimate pose in Egyptian art, surrounded by what appear to be their heirs. In Homosexual and transgender individuals were also common among other pre-conquest civilizations in Latin America, such as the Aztecs, Mayans, Quechuas, Moches, Zapotecs, and the Tupinamba of Brazil In East Asia, same-sex love has been referred to since the earliest recorded history.Homosexuality in China, known as the passions of the cut peach and various other euphemisms has been recorded since approximately 600 BCE. Homosexuality was mentioned in many famous works of Chinese literature. Homosexuality in Japan, variously known as shudo or nanshoku has been documented for over one thousand years and was an integral part of Buddhist monastic life and the samurai tradition. This same-sex love culture gave rise to strong traditions of painting and literature documenting and celebrating such relationships.Similarly, in Thailand, Kathoey, or â€Å"ladyboys†, have been a feature of Thai society for many centuries, and Thai kings had male as well as female lovers. While Kathoey may encompass simple effeminacy or transvestism, it most commonly is treated in Thai culture as a third gender. They are generally accepted by society, and Thailand has never had legal prohibitions against homosexuality or homosexual behavior. South Asia, The Laws of Manu, the foundational work of Hindu law, mentions a â€Å"third sex†, members of which may engage in nontraditional gender expression and homosexual activities.Europe, In regard of male homosexuality such documents depict a world in which relationships with women and relationships with youths were the essential foundation of a normal man's love life. Same-sex relationships were a social institution variously constructed over time and from one city to another. Middle East, among some Middle Eastern Muslim cultures, egalitarian or age-structured homosexual practices were widespread and thinly veiled.The prevailing pattern of same-sex relationships in the temperate and sub-tropical zone stretching from Northern India to the Western Sahara is one in which the relationships were—and are—either gender-structured or age -structured or both. In recent years, egalitarian relationships modeled on the western pattern have become more frequent, though they remain rare. Same-sex intercourse officially carries the death penalty in several Muslim nations: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Mauritania, northern Nigeria, Sudan, and Yemen. Today, governments in the Middle East often ignore, deny the existence of, or criminalize homosexuality.Homosexuality is illegal in almost all Muslim countries. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, during his 2007 speech at Columbia University, asserted that there were no gay people in Iran. However, the probable reason is that they keep their sexuality a secret for fear of government sanction or rejection by their families. Israel is considered the most tolerant country in the Middle East and Asia to homosexuals, while the Israeli city Tel Aviv has been named â€Å"the gay capital of the Middle East,† and is considered one of the most gay friendly cities in the world.The annual Pride Parade in support of homosexuality takes place in Tel Aviv. In many societies of Melanesia, especially in Papua New Guinea, same-sex relationships were an integral part of the culture until the middle of the last century. Tel Aviv, â€Å"The gay capital of the Middle East†, Tel Aviv is one of the most popular destinations for LGBT tourists internationally, with a large LGBT community. American journalist David Kaufman has described the city as a place â€Å"packed with the kind of ‘we're here, we're queer’ vibe more typically found in Sydney and San Francisco.The city hosts its well-known pride parade, the biggest in Asia, attracting over 100,000 people yearly. In January 2008, Tel Aviv's municipality established the city's LGBT Community Center, providing all of the municipal and cultural services to the LGBT community under one roof. In December 2008, Tel Aviv began putting together a team of gay athletes for the 2009 World Out games in Copenhagen. In ad dition, Tel Aviv hosts an annual LGBT Film Festival. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender ( LGBT ) people in the Philippines have a dinstinctive culture but limited egal rights. Gays and lesbians are generally tolerated, if not accepted within Filipino society, but there is still widespread discrimination. The most visible member of the Filipino LGBT culture, the BAKLA, are a distinct group in the Philippines. According to the 2002 YOUNG ADULT FERTILITY and SEXUALITY SURVEY, 11% of sexuality active Filipinos between the ages of 15 and 24 have had sex with someone of the same sex. In the Philippines, the term gay is used in reference to any LGBT person.For Filipino gays, the tagalog phrase, pagladlad ng kapa ( â€Å" unfurling the cape† ) or more commonly just paglaladlad ( â€Å"unfurling or unveiling† ) refers to the coming-out process, tibo, t-bird and tomboy are degoratory terms for butch lesbians just as bakla is for effeminategay men. Some lesbians, both butch and femme, use the terms magic or shunggril to refer to themselves. Neutral s;ang terms for gay men include billy boy, badette, bading and paminta ( straight – action gay man). Although legislation supporting same-sex marriage in the Philippines has been proposed several times to the Philippine legislature, none has ever been passed.